Economic Implications of a US-Iranian War Essay Example for Free

Economic Implications of a US-Iranian War EssaySome pick pop tell that the unite States and Iran have been involved in a Cold War for three decades starting with the fall of the taking of American hostages in 1979. One could force the problems mingled with Iran and the coupled States to the installation of the Shah in the 1950s. Regardless of the origins, the fact remains that Iran and the get together States consider themselves enemies. As such(prenominal), it is non out of the question that a warf ar between the united States and Iran could break out. This creates a really complex scenario because of the global stinting implications of a war between Iran and the United States.Iran is, of course, a major interpretr of oil to the many allies of the United States. Japan, for example, is one of the United States strongest allies and it receives an enormous amount of oil from Iran. Similarly, many European allies receive imports of Iranian oil. A war between Iran and th e United States would have tremendous global implications. Among these many implications would be serious potential negative implications for the worlds providence. some(prenominal) of these different nightm ar scenarios allow for be explored in this essay.First, it is important to state there are different ways to wage war. Some methods such as supporting the overthrow of the Iranian government via supporting resistance forces might not have the carry on of the global economy to the same degree as a series of surgical airstrikes or a ground invasion. In this essay, the subject of war will be discussed in its most conventional sense. Specifically, it will be defined as a large surmount, drawn out military conflict between the two nations. One of the most strategic areas the United States must consider when it comes toEconomic Implications of a US-Iranian War 2 the issue of a war with Iran is the fact that Iran is completely reliant on the moment of gasoline. Without transfer access, the ability for Iran to maintain its importation of gasoline would be impossible. Of course, it would be to the United States interest to enact a naval blockade on Iran to prevent the importation of gasoline. This would almost immediately go across to Iran further rationing its gasoline summate in order to effectively operate its military.While it would not be consummate to state that a naval blockade would immediately end the war (Irans navy could coming the US navy and potentially reverse the blockade) However, the scenario of no imports or exports would also cripple Irans ability to deliver oil to opposite nations in the world. This would thusly have potentially enormous economic dazes on the global markets. The notion that there would be serious economic implications resulting from a war between the United States and Iran has been weighed by many serious thinkers.earlier in July when Iran tested missiles cap fitted of reaching Israel and other corners of the Midd le East, the price of oil jumped to a new high of over $147 per barrel. In fact, some analysts see the impact of U. S. Iran relations on the oil market as so important as to suggest the best way to give quick relief to postcode consumers around the world is a declaration by the U. S. that military force is not an acceptable option in its dispute with Iran. (Esfahani) This is why there is so much concern globally regarding a potential United States/Iranian conflict.At the core of mostly all basic economics is the theory of supply and have. If Economic Implications of a US-Iranian War 3 the supply of something is limited and high demand remains in place, the price of the item increases. This then creates the issue of chance costs. When you buy something with your money, you have eliminated the potential to use that same money for something else. In other words, if the price of gasoline skyrockets and people have to pay more for it, then they will be depleted their cash reserves or increasing their borrowing.Oil is also employed for the production of electricity which would also increase in price in the face of an oil embargo. Once again, the drain on personal finances as a result of such increased heartiness and fuel costs would cut into every sector of the global economy. Discretionary income would drop and leisure purchases and even the purchases of necessities would diminish rapidly. What would be the effect of this on the economies of non-homogeneous nations? The impact would be felt on a variety of front. The stock market, for example, would experience a great deal of negative impact as a result of such diminished spending.When people are not purchasing, the stocks of many companies may decline. After all, their profit margins could decline. Granted, there are many steps a company can take to make sure its stock price remains stable. For example, reducing the workforce or cutting spending in other areas would aid in boosting stock prices. However, i f something is not done to present the lowering of stock prices, economies will take an immediate tumble. Those with investments in the market would see their sugar worth diminish. If one Economic Implications of a US-Iranian War 4sees a 25% decline in the value of their portfolio, they will see a 25% decline in their net worth. Again, this is how simple economics works and such an impact will assuredly be the result of a large home plate (or even minor military skirmish) between Iran and the United States. There really would be no way to annul such a chain of events from occurring if a war broke out between the Unites States and Iran. This is because there will be an enormous impact on the price and flow of oil if such a war was to break out. Such an occurrence could not be circumvented in any way.As one can infer, this ties heavily into the concept of aggregate demand which would be the definitive demand for goods and services in a particular economy at certain specific price levels. As one could luculent infer, demand for high priced items in this situation of reduced consumer cash liquidity would certainly hamper purchases of high priced items or items that are not considered of vital splendour to ones sustenance. This can lead to s significant reduction in output the total value of all services and goods produced in the economy within a very short period of time.We will see the impact of this in the Mundell-Fleming Model (An aggregate demand model) which would detail the relationship between the inflation of prices combined with the actual output of goods and services. In the simplest of terms, high inflation combined with a slow decline in goods and services could prove cataclysmic for an economy. But, even with high inflation, it would be safe to say that the potential for the Mundell-Fleming model to maintain a high supply of goods and services is possible in the United States.The reason for this is that the various sectors of the United States Economic Implications of a US-Iranian War 5 economy are so vast that there will be those able to purchase goods and services even at inflated prices. Some professions would not be as significantly impacted by high fuel or energy costs. As such, there may be a certain level of maintained stability within model even though a large section of the population may still be suffering. Issues surrounding a war with Iran are complex and far reaching. This includes the actual manner in which the war would be waged.Considering the size of the US and Iranian military, no option would be off the table in terms of how the war would be waged. lesson in point, the utilization of tactical nuclear weapons by the United States may be necessitated. This is not to say that tactical nuclear missiles would be a scratch line response or that they would be directed towards civilian targets. However, there are possibilities that could necessitate the use of such weapons by the United States. For example, Iran has tens of thousands of cruise missiles.The threat of initiation thousands of these missiles into Israeli cities, European cities, or neighboring American military bases would potentially require the detonation of the missile silos with tactical nuclear arms. A wide scale Iranian invasion of neighboring countries such as Iraq could require a tactical response. Use of chemical weapons by Iran would constitute a WMD attack and lead to a nuclear response. Really, there are many different variables at work here. Again, this is not to say that a war between the United States and Iran would automatically lead to nuclear strikes.However, the potential for such strikes exist in any large scale military conflict. This would have a devastating impact on the world economy Economic Implications of a US-Iranian War 6 for a number of reasons. The possibility of a nuclear strike destroying oil palm would be a potential scenario. The presence of radiation reducing the amount of work that can be performed on oil wells is another. Such scenarios are grim when discussed in an antiseptic manner. In the decades since the detonation of the atomic bomb in Hiroshima, the horror of a nuclear strikes effects have not been dulled on the senses of people.However, the specter of the potential use of such weapons is always present. As such, the impact both human and economic must be weighed. Because of the potential for a tactical nuclear strike leading to arms races in the region (Other nations will want their own nukes as a impairment to future strikes), the need for a significant conventional force is required. This means the war will have to be funded to handle a long parkway and potentially significantly longer post-war rebuilding phase. This will cost significantly in terms of government expenditures which, in turn, means the deficit will skyrocket.With very high, out of control deficits, a number of seriously negative economic situations could develop. First, a debtor nation may not be able to provide for the common good of society. As such, it must take steps to reduce the impact of the deficit. One method involves printing more money and the other do by involves increasing taxes. Both methods have the potential for significant economic harm. When a nation prints more money in order to meet obligations tied to a deficit, it the value of the currency will decrease.A weakened dollar comes with many problems. Economic Implications of a US-Iranian War 7 Namely, investment is seriously hampered since the dollars that you amass are worth less. Additionally, there will be a disinclination on the part of foreign investors to put their money into the US market. There would be limited value for their doing so since the dollar is declining meaning their investment capital in dollars would potentially decline as well. Debt holders of US bonds would also become more neuronal since they would be losing money on their investment.As pointed out in BUSINESSWE EK, As the currency deterio pass judgment, it becomes more expensive to import goods and services from other countries, fueling inflation. In an effort to pull investors back, central banks often raise interest rates when their national currencies lose value. But as anyone who remembers the 70s knows, the combination of rising interest rates and on-the-run inflation can be a devastating economic cocktail. (Rosenbush) In some cases, foreign investment is critical for the spurning of employment and economic growth.With foreign companies opting to avoid putting their money into the United States, the unemployment could increase which further raises deficit potential. This is due to the fact that more unemployed people means less tax dollars compensable to the government. Additionally, unemployment creates greater dependency on welfare which also contributes to higher deficits. All of this further sets the stage for inflation which makes goods and services less affordable to the publi c. This further change the economy and adds to the deficits. Tax Economic Implications of a US-Iranian War 8increases are commonly pointed to as a solution, but their value is limited. When money is taken out of the private sector and placed in the treasury, it makes job creation harder. This, in turn, makes economic recover more laborious as well. If an economic recovery if difficult to expedite, then it becomes much harder to get out of it. That is because the sheer volume of economic pain induced by the many months or years of poor economic factors and growth create complexities and problems that multiply. Again, this makes reversing a poor economy more difficult.As such, some may wonder why the United States policy towards Iran may be so hard lined. The reason is that not treating Iran as a threat could prove equally harmful to economic and security interests. Irans agitation towards the United States prime allies is not helpful for US strategic security. Also, Irans potentia l domination of the other oil countries in the Middle East does not appeal to US economic interests. As such, there will be perpetual tension between the two countries. Hopefully, such tensions will not lead to war but preparedness for such actions is required.Considering the economic impact of such action, war should be the perennial last resort or option to be executed. So, far it has been averted and will hopefully remain averted for the foreseeable future. Most do not tie the economic ramifications to military action. However, the two are intertwined. Wars need to be funded and there are additional economic costs associated with military action. This is why sensible nations do not rush to war and as well they should not. But, this does not mean a nation should not prepare for the potential worst case scenario.While the US is not is a rush to engage Iran militarily, it understands the potential for such a conflict needs to be adequately prepared for.Works CitedEsfahani, e. (2008, September). The Economic consequences of us-iran relations. Retrieved from http//www. ideals. illinois. edu/bitstream/handle/2142/9093/ policy_brief. esfahani. final. pdf? sequence=2 Rosenbush, S. (2004, November 12). The Pros and cons of a weak dollar. Businessweek, Retrieved from http//www. businessweek. com/bwdaily/ dnflash/nov2004/nf20041112

Globalization of Impact in Society Essay Example for Free

Globalization of Impact in Society EssayThe technique and fundamentals used within different parts of the world vary significantly, for modern values prevail. The vastness of globalization has impacted a majority of nations across the world. superstar way of looking at Globalization through the advantages and disadvantages of its nature is to overlook societys changes from generation to generation. The complexities of convergence through trade and social processes plunge a variety of commodities between acculturations.In part of sharing heritages of different cultures the experience of newfangled found goods in intellect and materialistic sources take our engage in influencing positive or negative reactions. W. J. Perry a heathen anthropologist leader wrote a Journal over culture. In the journal he talks approximately the diversity among cultures and the meaning behind civilizations. He states, that various peoples, in different parts of the earth, had, independently of sensation another, elaborated the fundamentals of arts and crafts (Perry 105).He describes an interest point specifying of how the process of these experiences occur, independently. The exposure to unlike cultural goods frequently brings about changes in local cultures, values, and traditions. For instance, local farmers who have traditionally earned a living by working their small plots of family-owned land and selling their goods locally may find reason to be concerned by globalization because new availability of foreign foods in a market- often at cheaper prices- can displace local farmers.Such causes make local residents to hate some variations of globalization. Lieber and Weisberg in Globalization, Culture, and Identities in Crisis give an example of why some hate globalization. Others, however, have treated globalization of culture as an evil because of their fears of the pervasive power and guile of multinational corporations or international institutions such as the Inte rnational Monetary Fund (IMF) (Globalization Crisis, Lieber, Weisberg).On the other hand, there are others whom appreciate the resources that globalization brings from foreign places because there is a sympathetic relation to the arts and crafts available and produced by someone who is thousands of miles away for their unique work in particular subjects, like sculptures, food, clothing, books, jewelry, music, and so much more. Lieber and Weisberg also provide an example of the good side of globalization. One observer has asserted that, globalization promotes integration and the removal not only of cultural barriers but many of the negative dimensions of culture.Globalization is a vital step toward both a more stable world and better lives for the people within it (Globalization Crisis, Lieber, Weisberg). This is a good point because for some regions in part of the world there are some cultures where such kind of integration can amend or further an interest towards ones well being for all human beings share a common notion of intellect. A capital revolution occurred through technology, The Information Revolution. Many fundamentalist challenge their skills in competing with this new stream of information such as the computer systems, Ethernet, music, movies, and advertising media.This has created a new movement for individuals not only to work within the field and have a source of income and opportunity to grow in the ambition one seeks but it opens a far more modern aspect of enabling a growing culture all over the world. Since technology and computer systems are relevant in many places around the world today this challenges a new generation with new resources to obtain and fit-in as a means of their culture something that did not exist generations before.It allows for prosperity, however, in some areas there still exists a culture that decide to not be influenced by other cultures instead they are enduring a traditional way of living a society that has car ried on from generation to generation without expert growth, they are contemporary hunter-gatherer peoples who, after tactile sensation with other societies, continue their ways of life with very little external influence. The nature of the hunter-gatherer operateed in technological techniques to specialize in the domain of survival, using techniques that alter men to use resources in creative measures.As Perry states as well in his journal Tradition, talking about hunter gatherer societies Who still persist in outlying parts of the world (Perry 106). The level of advancement of a civilization is often measured by its progress in agriculture, trade, performance and abilities of oneself/occupation, and rank within community distinguish the natural rights of oneself. There is a theory called Tabula rasa, that individuals are born without built-in mental content and that their knowledge comes from ones experience and perceptual experience (Locke, John).Lockes ability to understand this quality of human intellect is very profound. Tradition is an inherited, established, or customary pattern of thought, action, or behavior with cultural continuity in social attitudes, customs, and institutions. Characterizing an individual towards a manner, method, or style such as in America the way of living is much different oddly during the midcentury where access to safe, inexpensive electricity was available and made at times simple. Having toasters to house lights to refrigeration, the effects were significant for many Americans.However, not all people benefited from the technological advances that America was attaining. In India and Latin America people did not have the ease access to electricity or technological equipment for the resources a typical American home would have such as the toaster or refrigerator (Jetsetcitizen). The differences between the resources available for a particular society measure considerably in the lack of or more of such customs. Michael Kaye in his journal Tradition condenses the means of this difference very well.

Physical Surveillance Essay Example for Free

Physical Surveillance EssayThe act of control is designed to observe individuals, surface firmaments or objects that are of item interest to an investigator in order to collect information and demonstrate that may be associated with a suspect and his related criminal activities. Physical surveillance is a method of examination of a particular area that is linked to a plague scene or a suspect. This may include inspecting the area when the crime took place, as well as the victims and suspects homes, vehicles and paraphernalia. Examination will cover both the conditions of the places and items, as well as the position of the places and items in the particular areas. Physical surveillance is important in a crime scene investigation because it provides a way for the investigator to rejuvenate the scene and make inferences on what actually happened during the incident (Gardner, 2005). Any area that is associated with a crime is identified as soon as a crime has been establishe d or reported.In addition, these particular areas are protected from whatsoever type of disruption by putting a crime scene record along the perimeter of the area concerned. It has been reported that the most complicate part of an investigation is the establishment and protection of the boundaries of a crime scene because the signs related to a scene are often elusive to an investigator. Other investigators employ search dogs to facilitate the establishment and tracking of a crime scene. Photography is commonly apply in the physical surveillance of a crime scene.This visual documentation of an area is very helpful to an investigator because it physically records the features of the area before any other activity is performed to the crime scene. Physical surveillance in addition involves marking all potential evidences to the crime. In addition to photographs, sketches of the crime scene are to a fault important in physical surveillance of a specific area. Sketches are generally considered as essential information of crime scenes because these serve as expatiate notes of the investigation, although the diagrammatic representation is of less quality than a simple photograph.Sketches provide measurements of the crime scene, including distances between two points of interest that are located within the area under investigation. An investigator often starts with a rough sketch and eventually moves on to a final sketch that is drawn to scale. These sketches are commonly occupied as models during court hearings and trials because these provide the floor-plan of an area of interest, the elevation of the area and its details and other critical dimensions that may be helpful in the analysis of a crime scene.Physical surveillance serves more purposes in a crime scene investigation than a technical surveillance because it provides the investigator with sufficient evidence that may be important in linking a specific suspect to a particular crime. Technical surveilla nce does not provide the specific details that physical surveillance provides because it does not provide any associative details that are critical to an investigation.In addition, physical surveillance provides a view of the crime scene through an observers eyes and this usually provides a neutral view of the area, removing any biases and discrimination of certain items and areas. Physical surveillance also provides a better understanding of a crime incident through the note-taking that is performed on the area, including any traces of struggle or bullet holes. It also assists the investigator in reconstructing the sequence of events that are related to the crime, including the initial moments of what was said, done or executed by the victim and the suspect.

Vesico Vaginal Fistula In Birnin Health And Social Care Essay

Vesico vaginal Fistula In Birnin health And Social Cargon EssayApproximately, ab unwrap 7 million women were affected from complication of pregnancy and child have a bun in the oven oecumenic. Out of the estimates, 6.5million women argon from the underdeveloped countries. (WHO Global burden of infirmity 1998).According to the data from western Afri abide Journal of Medicine (WAJM 2004 23 1) the prevalence of obstetric venous sinus in West Africa is around 1-3 per 1000 deliveries while, in new(prenominal) African vicinity is 5-10 per 1000 deliveries.Report shows that, maternal(p) morbidity and mortality is among the major problem for women in Nigeria. Maternal mortality ratio of 800 expirations per 100,000 live births which is also rated among the superiorest in the world. The name further democracyd that for each death that occurred 20 or much women will be affected by childbirth injuries and most of this is obstetric venous sinus (UNFPA/Nigeria 2005).Obstetric fistul ous withers is one of the maternal morbidities and mortality problem in Nigeria which is an edit of concern to Public Health (WAJM 2010 29 (5) 293-298. The situation is being more evidence in the Yankee part of the country, prevalence estimation ranges from as low as 400,000 to as much as 800,000 cases, 5% of these cases atomic number 18 from the Northern region. There could probably be an incidence of 20,000 new cases a year, with approximately 2,000-4,000 sinus repair surgeries being carried out yearly. Also Nigeria count for 40% of the worldwide venous sinus prevalence (Country assessment UNFPA/Nigeria 2009). Life expectancy of female population at birth is 52 yrs, with a total of 5.5 fertility rate (Unicef 2010).1Statistic report from (UNFPA /Nigeria 2005) stated that, majority of fistula patient visited the Health centers atomic number 18 below 20 years. Nigeria is facing a great challenges of Health care providers, with an estimated of 58-39% dexterous skilled attendan ce for Ante-Natal and delivery (Midwives) attached to the Health facilities (NDHS 2008). Efforts by the Government to provide them remain unsuccessful.In Nigeria, early couplings contribute 23% of the maternal death that are cause by severe hemorrh shape up, obstructed and pro eagle-eyed labor which may result to obstetric fistula and often date still birth. 69% of women in the rural areas face difficulties in accessing medical care that made them to get under ones skin home deliveries by unskilled birth attendant. (Lindros and Lowkkainen 2004).Kebbi State with an estimated population of 3.8million out of it 836,000 are women of child bearing jump on is located in the North West part of Nigeria. It has a particularly low socio -economic indicators. Maternal mortality place for the region are estimated at 1,000/100,000 live births (NDHS 2008) Total fertility rate is 8 which are above the national average. According to Leadership News write up 19 April 2012, stated that, kebbi s tate rank among the highest rate of maternal death in the country. Most of the direct causes of maternal death are hemorrhage, sepsis, eclamsia and anemia. While long and obstructed labor has been responsible for both maternal morbidity and mortality such as vesico-vaginal fistula. According to a survey, the state faces serious maternal challenges. historic period at marriage in the state is 12-13 years and most of them became meaning(a) by 13-14 years. VVF victims can be found in all part of the state with prevalence rate of 5,000-8,000, Birnin Kebbi Local Government has the highest rate of 2,500 cases. (Khalid Zango 1996). Factors accounts for high morbidity in women in the state include social, cultural, economic accessibility and health rapidness associated problems.2Obstetric fistula is can be treated but, beggary, ignorance and lack of information are the most contributing factor for women to seek for medical attention. These high prevalence shows negligence for the governm ent to address the situation.This try out actually is going to look in to the Knowledge just nigh the vesico vaginal fistula and the attitude towards it. The interpret will also be conducted among women with and without vesico vaginal fistula. The result will provide information as to friendship level regarding vesico vaginal fistula and as to how the women without fistula look at vesico vaginal fistula as a disease and their attitude towards fistula women.1.2. Research questions battlefield1.2.1 What is the prevalence of self reported cases of Vesico Vaginal Fistula among married women?1.2.2. What are the knowledge, attitude and knowledge of preventive measures of women towards vesico vaginal fistula in Birnin -Kebbi LGA of Kebbi- State, Nigeria?1.3. Research HypothesisKnowledge, attitude and preventive measures of women towards vesico vaginal fistula living in Birnin Kebbi Local Government of Kebbi State, Nigeria.31.4. Objectives1.4.1. General ObjectiveTo assess the knowledg e and attitude towards vesico vaginal fistula in Birnin Kebbi LGA of Kebbi State, Nigeria.1.4.2. Specific ObjectivesTo study the prevalence of vesico vaginal fistula in Birnin Kebbi LGA.To assess the level of knowledge of married women on the contributing factors of vesico vaginal fistula.To find out if married women knows about preventive measures of vesico vaginal fistula.To determine the attitude towards women with vesico vaginal fistula.To determine the possible risks factors related to consideration of vesico vaginal fistula.To analyze the association of knowledge and attitude with the status of vesico vaginal fistula.41.5. Conceptual FrameworkSocio -demographicAgeOccupationEducationSocio-cultural factorsAge of weddingpatriarchateGender violenceWorkloadParity positioning of Vesico vaginal fistulaAccess to health careAntenatal visitUntrained birthAttendantsPost natalPlace of deliveryAaaaaa111111Knowledge about theRisk factors, pledge and symptoms and preventive measures of ve sico vaginal fistula stead of women towards vesico vaginal fistula and women with recto vaginal fistula1.6. Operational Definitions-51.6. Operational Definitions-Age of Marriage refers to getting marriage below 18 yrs.Poor birth practices Home delivery by un- skill attendant.Parity Multiple birth with low spacing.Patriarchy Head of the house decision is final.Untrained birth attendants Untrained or self practice in delivery.Knowledge Knowledge in this study regarding to sign and symptom of VVF.Attitude In this study refers to the availability of health services and the barriers to seeking.Preventive Measures Knowledge about steps to tackle the VVF.Status of vesico vaginal fistula- The status of vesico vaginal fistula in this study is women have obstetric fistula or vesico vaginal fistula6CHAPTER 11LITERATURE surveyThe chapter 11 deals with theHistory Vesico Vaginal FistulaGlobal situation of vesico vaginal fistula stance of Fistula in NigeriaCauses of vesico vaginal fistula Social Consequences of vesico vaginal fistulaTreatment of vesico vaginal fistul2.1. History of vesico vaginal fistulaVesico vagianal fistula or obstetric fistula has been identified to be a major issue or women of child bearing age since decades. In 1935 professor Derry from Cairo stated that, the remains of Queen Henhenit (2050 BC) were the oldest to discover fistula. Around 1845 james marion sims was the first operating surgeon to successfully repair VVF from a 3 female slaves in Montgonery Albana. Later, in 1852 he established a VVF repair centre where many patients from America and europium came for surgery (Robert F. Zacharin 2008).A discovery during 1550 BC in the ancient Egypt, Aveicenna was a famous Arabian physician to differentiate VVF and obstetric (Derry DE 1935 42490). A nonher insane asylum came up in 1836 from Peter Mettnauer from Virginia who was identified to be the first surgeon to close fistula in United State (Aust N.Z.J. surg (2000) 70, 851-854.) write up re points that, during the 19th Century, women with fistula in United State and Europe were caused by dystocia (Russell). In the early 20th century, more experiments and techniques came up to improve the quality of VVF repair. Again, in 1942 Latzko published a new procedure in repairing post -hysterctomy of VVF which recorded 95-100% success (VVF MedScape).Many historical innovations and advanced technique by surgeons has been recorded while, more researches and experiment are still ongoing for the improvement and better solution towards VVF.72.2. Global Situation of Vesico Vaginal FistulaVesico Vaginal fistula (VVF) which is also called obstetric fistula is an abnormal opening between the urinary bladder and the vagina or between the vagina and the rectum (RVF).This is caused as a result of prolong labor where the child presses against the normal itinerary in that respectby developing the hole between the vagina and the urinary bladder (WHO def).Globally, 529,000 women were estimate d to have died every year due to pregnancy and childbirth related complication. Almost 90 percent of this death is from Africa and Asia. Generally, 5 percent of this death is expected to have experience from obstructed labor (UNFPA/Nigeria 2005).According to M.J Metro report in 2006 indicated as VVF is not new disease it has been in existence for decades. He further highlighted that, in the third world countries by and large in the west 90% of VVF cases are caused by bladder trauma during hysterectomy surgery. Nowadays, advanced technologies from developed countries such as Europe and part of North America have eliminated the disease (VVF) in there region (M.J.Metro 2006).In the same report of metro 2006, he stated that, VVF is an uncomfortable disease the victims should be more serious towards their person-to-person hygiene.In a WHO report of 2006 indicates that, about 2 million women living with untreated VVF, while 50,000 to 100,000 new cases are reported every year (WHO 2006).T he increase on figures could be due to stigma that associated with the situation. Also in another report from WHO study on global burden of disease, stated that, if 2% of the obstructed labor are caused by VVF, then 130,000 women are going to be affected with the condition (WHO 1998 243-66).A study report published from UK indicated that, out of 166 cases treated deep down 18 year, only 21 cases are caused by obstetric complications. Another report from Nigeria stated that, out of 377 cases of VVF 369 cases are caused by childbirth (Lawson J. 1998, 83 454-456).82.3. Situation of vesico vaginal fistula in NigeriaThe millennium Development Goals (MDGs) targeted at reducing the proportion of women dying in childbirth by three quarter by 2015 become unrealistic in Nigeria. (Adeyemi Ezekiel). The reason behind it is that, the country has made less progress in reducing maternal and mortality than any other sub-Saharan African countries. The maternal mortality rate in Nigeria estimated as 800nto 1,500 per 100,000 live birth (WHO 2006).The Northern part of the country has generally worse indicators with an estimated maternal mortality rate of 1,500/100,000 live birth. The high maternal mortality rate affects the basic health services in the country (NDHS 2003).According to UNFPA report, Nigeria approximately to have an estimate of 400,000 and 800,000 women affected with VVF condition while, 20,000 new cases are recorded every year. Most of these patients are from the northern part that lives in the rural areas where they find it difficulties in accessing proper medical care. (UNFPA/Fistula Nigeria 2005). Also statistics shows that, most of the VVF victims are below 20years.The underlying cause of VVF in Nigeria is due to prolong obstructed labor and mostly the young ages are at risk due to early marriage and early childbirth where there body is still in the stage of developing (WHO2006). In 2002, a multi-sectorial committee was setup by the Federal Ministry of Health to find the solution to the problem. At the same time the committee identifies Engender Health along with UNFPA/Nigeria to conduct a nationwide needs assessment in order to develop a framework and action plan for the liquidation of fistula in Nigeria.Although Nigeria has been taking measure to address productive health and maternal health problems, the implemented interventions have not reach optimum coverage to throw the desired impact. (NDHS 2008).92.4 TYPES OF FISTULAMany surgeons have described fistula according to their experience during repair. In 1852 Sims also classified fistula by its spatial relation in the vagina. According to (Cater, Palumbo et al. 1952) stated that, it is difficult to describe the reported cases of fistula but, the beat method is to identify it during the actual operation and the result.Mayor clinic doctor has in short classified six types of vaginal fistulaVesico vaginal fistula- is abnormal opening between the vagina and urinary bladderUreterova ginal fistula- is abnormal opening that connect the vagina and the ducts which carry the piss from the kidney to the bladder.Urethrovaginal fistula- is an opening between the vagina and the tube that carries the urine out.Rectovaginal fistula- an opening between the vagin and the opening anus.Colovaginal fistula- the opening between the vagina and the large intestine.Enterovaginal fistula- an opening between the small intestine and the vagina.102.5. CAUSES OF VVFMany publications and journals have their different versions on the causes of vesico vaginal fistula. According to medicine for African journal classified the factors that contributed to the cause of vesico vaginal fistula as (MfA- VVF) firsthand factorChildbirth 8% of the VVF cases are prolong and obstructed labor where the deliveries are conducted by untrained skilled birth attendant or as a result of malpresentation of baby in the uterus which cause a lot of damage to the womans urinary tract.Hysterectomy or other gyne cological problem- This can be caused by accidental surgery that occur within the pelvic and may result to VVF.Gishiri cut or Salt cut- It is a conventional way of treatment by a traditional healers mostly practice in Nigeria and some part of west Africa. When a woman present Gishiri disease symptoms such as vulva itching, absence of menstruation, infertility or obstructed labor. As a result of these symptoms a local surgical cut in the frontal vagina wall of a woman was done for total cure.During removal of clitoris in a cognitive operation of female Genital mutilation or female circumcision the vaginal tissues and its surrounding will be scrapped thereby causes VVF.Secondary factorSexual transmission disease or previous pelvic inflammatory disease.Bladder rock candy or retain foreign body within the vaginaDiabetics2.5.3. Socio-cultural causesThe most underlying socio-cultural causes in Nigeria are Early marriage harmful traditional birth practices poverty and illiteracy.112.5 .4. Early marriageEarly marriage can be define as being marriage at the age of 15-24 years when the reproductive organs are not fully matured for taking responsibility as done by the adult. This will result t damage of the birth canal that will lead to vaginal fistula (John Zang). According to WHO/UNICEF, the recommended age of marriage is 25 to 26 years.In article 16, of the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women, specified the right to protect child marriage.I n a publication from unicef research centre on early marriage 2001 stated the guidelines on changing attitudes of families and societies towards child marriage.According to global assessment of child marriage it is estimated that, South Asia and Africa has the highest number of young women/young girls who are accustomed out into marriage at the age of 15-24years. These will affect their nutritional status which will lead to so many pregnancy- related complications and most of the time she has no say in making decision for herself.Also in another report from WHO 2006 indicate that more than 25% of women with fistula from Ethiopia and Nigeria are pregnant in the first place the age of 15years while over 80% of them also become pregnant at 18years of age.2.6. SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF VVFAlmost all the report from the medical professional person indicates the psychological consequences of women with VVF that bears. This is attributed due to lacj of support from the families and societies as a whole. Majority of these women faces great challenges in the society because of the odour from the incontinence of urine.12According to WHO report indicate that, women with VVF are facing difficulties to manage the urinary incontinence that causes odour from urine. The report also highlighted that, due to injury to the vaginal wall many complications may plagiarize even after obstetric repair of the VVF. These complications are narrowing of the vagina, secondary amenorrhea inabilit y to carry the child.However, (Murphy 1981 and Harrison 1983) stated that, the most traumatic aspect of VVF resulting to urinary incontinence and lost of child who sometime may lead to marital separation/divorce and also social excommunication.In another report from (WHO 2006), VVF patients are to be sympathized due to the lower social status of women in Nigeria. The most disheartening is that, they are abandoning by their husband and they have limited role within the family.2.7. TreatmentWomen with fistula face a lot of challenges which most of the time find difficult to disclose their situation. The only solution for their survivor is surgery and personal hygiene.A statement from WHO Maternal Health and Safe Motherhood program indicate that, the endemic VVF area should focus prevention aspect through impelling social changes that will improve the status of women.13CHAPTER 111RESEARCH METHODOLOGY3.1. Research DesignCross- sectional survey study among the married women of reproduct ive age in Birnin Kebbi LGA in Kebbi State, Nigeria.Focus base approach to assess the knowledge and attitude towards vesico vaginal fistula among people who live in Birnin Kebbi LGA, in Kebbi State, Nigeria.3.2 discover AreaBirnin- Kebbi LGA which lies in the centre of Kebbi State of Nigeria. A total of 45 wards - Nasarawa 1, Nasarawa 11, Dangaldima, Marafa, Gwadangwaji, Zauro, Ambursa, Gulumbe, Ujario, Kardi, Gawasu, ,Makera, Kola, Tarasa, Fadama,3.3. Study PopulationThe study will be among the married women of reproductive age 15-49yrs of age.3.4. Sample TechniqueSelection of Sample sites Systematic Randomly sampling will be done for the collection of data in 45 settlements from 15 wards3.4.1 Exclusion criteria areThe sample who are not Birnin Kebbi casesThe samples have never followed up doctor or refilled medical attention during 3 months prior to studyThe sample who are unable to communicate verbally and orally to interviewer appropriately143.5. Sample sizingYamane sample si ze Formulan=z2p (1-p)(e) 2n= (1.96)2 X 0.22 (1-0.22) = 264(0.05)2Where ,n = sample sizep = proportion of women of reproductive age in B/Kebbi LGA that are expected to have knowledge about vesico viginal fistula.e = Marginal error or accepted errorz = Standard value of 95% confidence interval of 1.96Sample size is 264 + 10% to add up in case of any missing value/data, the total sample size will be 264 + 26.4 (10%)= 2903.6. Measuring Tools be questionnaires are to be admitted on knowledge and attitude of married women towards vesico vaginal fistula.Face to Face interview will be carried out during the focus group discussion3.7. Validity and Reliability testValidity test3 Expert validity are to be selected from B/K LGA.Questionnaire will be checked and reviewed by these 3 experts.15Reliability testQuestionnaire will be pr-tested by the respondents who are comparable to the targeted respondents. The reliability of questionnaire will be statistically tested with the Crobachs Alpha, whic h its acceptable coefficient is more than0.743.8. Data CollectionConstructed questionnaires to be used on the followingsQuestionnairesGeneral and household information,Knowledge towards the sign and symptom of Vesico Vaginal Fistula.Attitude towards thePreventive Measures on the vesico vaginal fistulaAccess to the health facility- information and service.Focus group discussion women with and without VVF3.9. Data Analysis (Statistics)Questionnaire will be coded before entering into the computer.SPSS version 17 will be usedDescriptive statistic is to be used to analyze data which will describe the frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation3.10. Ethical ConsiderationUnder the guidance of College of Public Health Sciences, and local authoritiesInterviewees will be informed and explainedInformed signed react16Have freedom to withdrawalConfidentialityConvenienceCan access to final report or resultsNot use for other purpose3.11. limitationThe study will not represent the general population of Birnin Kebbi LGA.Different socio-demographic group may have different practiceThe study will not represent for other types.17REFERENCES LISTMargaret Murphy (1981). Social Consequences of Vesico-Vaginal Fistula in Northern Nigeria. Journal of Biosocial Science, 13 , pp 139-150 doi10.1017/S0021932000013304Vesicovaginal fistula. Retrieved from the web15/08/2006. http//www.emedicine.com/med/topic3321.htmWall, L. L (1988) Dead Mothers and injured wives The Social Context ofmaternal morbidity and mortality among the Hausa of Northern Nigeria. Studies in family planning 29 341-359WHO (2006) Obstetric Fistula Guiding principles for clinical management and programme development. WHP Press Geneva Zacharin, R F. 1998. Obstetric Fistula. New York Springer-Verlag Wien.COMPASS 2006 FMOH partnership works to achieve Millennium Development Goal of change maternal health care Abuja, Nigeria September http//www.compassnigeria.org/site/PageServer?pagename=News_200609_FMoH_PartnershipH addad S, Fourier P Quality, Cost and Utilization of Health Services in Developing Countries A Longitudinal Study in Zaire. Soc Science Medicine 1995, 40 743-753.Metro (2006) Modification of OConnors technique for the treatment of VVFrepair described.Abu- Zahr C. Prolonged and obstructed labour, In Murray C. Lopez A. EdHealth dimensions of devolve on and reproduction the global burden of sextually transmitted diseases, HIV, maternal conditions, perinatal disorders and congenital anomalities, Cambridge Havard University Press for WHO. 1998 243-66Ijaiya MA, Aboyeji PA. Obstetric urogenital fistula the Ilorin experience, Nigeria. West Afr J Med 2004 23(1)7-9.http//Ezine terms.com/?expert=John_ZhangArticle Source http//EzineArticles.com/1016812Lawson J. Vesico -Vaginal fistula y a tropical disease. Trans R Soc. Trop. Med Hyg 1998 83 454-4561811. MfA VVF Vesicovaginal Fistulawww.medicinemd.com/Med/VesicoVaginal_Fistula_en.html12. AboutVaginal Fistulas Mayo Clinicwww.mayoclinic.org/vagin al-fistulas/about.htm19Time order of businessS/NActivities20122013Jun- AugSepOctNovDecJanFebMarAprMayJunJuly1Preparation and paper reviewxx2Detail and beam of light developmentxx3Ethical considerationxx4Research tool try out test validity and reliabilityx5Revise the toolx6Recruitment of interviewer teamxField work and data collectionxXData analysisxXReport writing and PresentationxxBudgetS/NITEMSBUDGET tical1Printing questionnaire-Photocopies-Stationery8,000Data collection-Photocopies Quest-Souvenir for respondent-Accommodation-Transportation cost-Data processing21,000Air fareMiscellaneous50,00020,000Total Thesis document process99,00

Arguments Against Transformational Leadership Management Essay

Arguments Against Transformational Leadership Management EssayA person substructure need some distinctive qualities, leading is among those qualities, not eitherone possess such quality, which made this quality special and extraordinary. In the field of business, a decision often comes see to advantage and failure, attractorship is one of the or so important quality for a managerial person to harbor. As Thomas J. Watson, Jr. had put it I deal the real difference between success and failure in a corporation weed be very often traced to the question of how strong the nerve brings out the great energies and talents of its people.Leaders that bunghole bring compulsive or beneficial effect to a group or enterprise are date as a transformational leader, they are energetic, passionate, not only they focus on the systems and the structure of a business, they also focus on the individual employee to do vigorous and to be successful as well. According to Cox (2001), leading is divided into two categories transactional leadershiphip and transformational leadership. The distinction between the two, according to James McGregor Burns do on political leader (1978), are those ones who uses the policy of rewards to motive and earn his/her employees efficiency and loyalty, is called transactional leader and those ones who gets involve with his/her employee, also possess determination and committed towards success as well as motivates its employees in exchange for their high performance, also their loyalty. However, in this ever changing world, business leaders needs improve his/her science and ability in order to coordinate with the change. In this particular essay, the main focus will be on the transformational leadership and some of the arguments and criticisms against it, as well as some counter arguments in favor of the transformational leadership along with concuring explanations, facts and various faces.Arguments against Transformational Leadership T heoryStudy results shows that Transformational Leadership have its positive effect on organizations, improve its work productivity, performance and as well as the creativities, according to Bass and Avolio (1994), it can be found in every aspect of an enterprise, because sometimes transformational leaders are the type of leaders needed for an company to survive, according to Burn (1978) recognizes and exploits an existing need or demand of a potential follower looks for potential motives in followers, seeks to satisfy higher needs, and engages the full person of the follower. A transformational leader in an organization often break by means of its frame of organization culture and thrive, which made transformational leadership one of the most renewed and popular leadership surmisal in modern days, nevertheless, its resplendency is not without oppugns.There are many criticisms against the theory of transformational leadership, one of the criticism is transformational theory is very difficult to be trained or taught, because its components are too cosmopolitan on the other hands, one of the argument against transformational leadership is that followers might be manipulated by leaders and there are chances that what they gain is so niggling compare to what they lost. Among them all, one of the important key criticisms against transformational theory is accusing it to be only for the selected individuals, which may lead to abusing of power. As Colonel Mark .A Homig (2001) have stated that Transformational leadership is a double edged sword. Which means that, when a transformational leader over done his part in terms of leadership, his/her innate defect in spirit or even later life experience can turn him/her into another type transformational leadership, the one on the opposite side-Pseudo transformation leadership. According to Mark. A. Homig has a potential immoral and unethical dimension that could be exploited by an unscrupulous leader inflicted on naive and unsuspecting followers. For example, Adolf Hitler was elected as the leader of Germany, he came into power during Germanys economic inflation and depression in 1920s, he did pull Germany out of its economic depression, however, after first couple of years honeymoon between him and the country, his follower later become so obsessed with him and followed him blindly into his conquest for his so called Lebensraum for Germany, which brought one of the worst disaster to Europe. Other example is Shoko Asahara, founder and leader of Aum Shinrikyo, also known as Aleph, a Japanese cult that is responsible for the Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway in 1995.The second key argument against transformational leadership is the un-clarity of its definition and components, since the definitions of the four components (Inspirational, Intellectual, Idealized, and Individualized) associated with transformational leadership are overlapping each other. According to Brayman (1992), the transformat ional leadership looks more suited to be a set of personality characteristics rather than special requirements.There are other various arguments against transformational leadership as well, like the ones associated with ethics, according to Avolio and Howell (1992), qualities that take a shits a great leader can lead to unethical act, as the first key point in this section stated, such leader can make his/her follower to make unethical decisions and even commit crimes as well, according to Yukl.G. (1998). One example for this case is Hitler. Within this essay, the focus will be on the above arguments, in the following section, and in-depth analysis will be done.Supports for the Transformational Leadership theoryTwo of the key arguments against transformational leadership theory primarily focus on the un-clarity of its concepts, and accusing it to be misleading. However, if we take a closer look at the details and examine the core components of the transformational leadership theor y, one can easily notices the arguments against transformational leadership is losing its roots. Based on Benard. M, Bass (2006)s book on Transformational leadership, the qualification of transformational leaders are those who has great personality qualities and the ability to influence others in exchange for their loyalty, it focuses on the processes between the leader and followers. Therefore, those who uses negative examples of transformational leadership such as Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini to fault the transformational leadership theorys core concept is false, because idea or the overall construction of the theory of the transformational leadership is solid, and does not varies when people interpolate it differently.Arguments such as the requirements for transformational leadership are sets of personality traits, and it cannot be taught or learn, Oscar Arias have stated More than knowledge, leaders need character. Values and ethics are vitally important. The basics of leaders hip can be taught. What is desperately needed is more responsible leadership a new ethic to confront the challenges of our day. Based on an interview and commentary essay done by Jonathan P. Doh (, many educators believes that transformational leadership can be taught, in fact all types of leadership can be taught and learned. Here are some of the quoted interviews from that reportJay Conger (Professor of Organizational Behavior at the capital of the United Kingdom Business School and Senior Research Scientist, Center for Organizations at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles) have Yes, most definitely. Here work experiences, bosses, special projects, and determination models, commandment all play a role in leadership development. Using an analogy with sports, not everyone can become an outstanding player scorn coaching, yet most will benefit and improve their game. A few will go on to become stars or outstanding leaders give coaching, extensive experiences, and personal drive.Also from Kim S. Cameron (Professor of Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management at the University of Michigan Business School.) said that Some people have an inclination to learn some competencies faster or better than others, of course, and some people reflect more charismatic or likable characteristics than others. But many great leaders are not those that appear on the covers of Time and Fortune. They have learned to achieve spectacular results in their own circumstances. Think of parents. crowd out people learn to become better parents, or are we just born either competent or not? Everyone would agree that effective parenting can be learned and improved. So can effective leadership.Leadership can also be taught, according to Jay Conger, Kim Cameron, and Steve Stumpf (cited in Jonathan P. Dohs interview essay), have all concord that leadership can be taught, but only to a certain extent. The reason behind this is the three dimensions of leadership sk ills, perspectives and dispositions. Just like in school, everything can be taught to students, but there are always some students do better than others, in terms of adapting knowledge, and the ability of applying the knowledge that they have learned. Skills can be taught, and perspectives can be trained, however, dispositions such as ambitions, mental capacity, etc..is difficult to teach. Bottom line is, leadership can be taught and learned through education and training.There are a lot of examples of leaders that proved valuable to a company, just to name of few in this essay. Steve Jobs is one of the perfect example, he was fired from apple and later came back, and turned Apple into one of the most profitable technology company in the world. Another example is Gordon Bethune, CEO of Continental Airlines (merged with United in 2010), and he joined Continental Airlines during its bankruptcy, during that time, company was losing $55 million dollars per month, he, however, not only e liminated the debt they had at that not, but also increased Continental Airlines stock price from $2 a share to $50 a share.ConclusionIn conclusion, Transformational leadership theory have proved its value throughout the modern days, even if there are some criticisms, it still not enough to effect the core concept of transformational leadership theory. Counter arguments in support for the transformational leadership theory, have proved its aptitude in work performance, quality and earn their loyalty. Key arguments have been vindicated in this essay, even though, motive of a leader sometimes is questionable, but this does not change the core construction of the theory transformational leadership theory or any leadership theory can be learned or taught, only difference is how well one can adapt and apply the knowledge of leadership. Transformational leadership is surely one of the most popular theory, and most likely will become the resolution for todays organization, as todays enterp rises facing many tough challenges such as creativity, sustainability, and uniqueness.

Sinclair Lewis and Babbitt Essay -- Biography Biographies Essays

Sinclair Lewis and Babbitt The book under analysis herein is Sinclair Lewis Babbitt. The copy I am using in this research is published by Harcourt, duo & World, Inc., New York, 1950. The original version was published in 1922, but there is no information in this book regarding what printing or edition it may be. This edition encompasses thirty four chapters which span 401 pages in length as they argon printed here. One interesting note is that the novel is dedicated to Edith Wharton. The author of the work, Sinclair Lewis, was born in Sauk Centre, Minnesota, and holds the distinction of being the first American ever to be awarded the Nobel Prize for literature. Lewis was born in the late 19th century and lived until the middle of the 20th century so he witnessed many social transformations, including electricity, the automobile and the jumpstart of industrialism and urban centers. His college years were spent at Yale and he worked early in his writing career as a newspaper journ alist and editor. His early whole works like The Job An American Novel were characteristic of the satire and realism that would come to be trademarks of his mature style. Lewis would go on to write novels that satirized with little leniency the small rural town (Main Street), the 9-to-5 businessman (Babbitt) and those who tried to prevent scientific truth from emerging (Arrowsmith). Elmer Gantry and Dodsworth were also literary successes and each was made into a Hollywood motion picture. Lewis refused to accept the Pulitzer Prize for Arrowsmith because the terms of the award stated that it was not being awarded for literary merit, but for the best demonstration of the wholesome glory of American life (Murphy 597). L... ...at Lewis must have been valid about such an environment if Sinclair would admit to such a belief. Nonetheless, Lewis still enables us to believe in American society but refuses to allow us to accept its worse qualities as anything we should promote or perpetu ate. WORKS CITED Dooley, D. J. (ed.). The Art of Sinclair Lewis. Nebraska, Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1967. Lewis, S. Babbitt. New York, Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1950. Mencken, H. L. Portrait of an American citizen. Light, M. (ed.). The Merrill Studies in Babbitt. Ohio, Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company, 1971 25-27. Murphy, B. (ed.) Benets Readers Encyclopedia. (4th edit.). New York, HarperCollins Publishers, 1996. Sinclair, U. Standardized America. Light, M. (ed.). The Merrill Studies in Babbitt. Ohio, Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company, 1971 28-31.

This Boys Life by Tobias Wolff Essay examples -- Papers

This Boys Life by Tobias WolffMark Twain once said, We are creatures of outside influences -- we originate nothing within. Whenever we take a new line of imagination and drift into a new line of belief and action, the impulse is always suggested from the outside. In the memoir This Boys Life, by Tobias Wolff mariner shows that he is a creature of outside influence. Some examples of this are that he copies what his friends do, he doesnt try to shape his own life, and he is heavily influenced by the male figures in his life. passim this novel, Jack does whatever his friends do. When he was living in Seattle with his mother, he was influenced by his new friends to do bad things. His friends, Silver and Terry were kids with no one to force field them. They befriended Jack and together they caused lots of trouble, We broke street lights. We opened the doors of parked cars on hills and released the emergency brakes so the smashed into the cars below. And we stole(61). This show s that although Jack is good on the inside, he does whatever his friends do. Later when he an...