civil war :: essays papers

well-mannered war3Albert G every last(predicate)atin Brown, U.S. Senator from Mississippi, speaking with regard to the several obstruct expeditions to rudimentary America I want Cuba . . . I want Tamaulipas, Potosi, and one and only(a) or two other Mexican States and I want them all for the said(prenominal) reason -- for the planting and spreading of slaveholding. Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 106. Richmond Enquirer, 1856 pop acquaintance exists solely because we have slaves . . . freedom is non possible without bondage.Lawrence Keitt, interpreter from due south Carolina, in a speech to the House on January 25, 1860 African slaveholding is the corner-stone of the industrial, social, and policy-making fabric of the second and whatever wars against it, wars against her very existence. postulate atomic reactor the institution of African bondage and you reduce the southwestward to depopulation and barbarism. ulterior in the same speech he said, The anti-slaveholding party d o it that slavery is wrongly in itself, and the Government is a consolidated national democracy. We of the due south contend that slavery is right, and that this is a confederate Republic of sovereign States. taken from a photocopy of the Congressional Globe supplied by Steve Miller.Methodist Rev. seat T. Wightman, treatment at Yorkville, South Carolina The triumphs of Christianity rest this very hour upon slavery and slavery depends on the triumphs of the South . . . This war is the servant of slavery. The Glory of God, the falsifying of the South (1861), cited in Eugene Genoveses Consuming Fire (1998).Alexander Stephens, Vice-President of the Confederacy, referring to the Confederate semipolitical science Its foundations are laid, its cornerstone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not liken to the whiteness man that slavery . . . is his natural and normal condition. Augusta, Georgia, Daily Constitutionalist, expose 30, 1861.Alfred P. Aldrich, South Carolina le gislator from Barnwell If the Republican party with its platform of principles, the main feature of which is the abolishment of slavery and, therefore, the destruction of the South, carries the country at the next Presidential election, shall we take a breather in the Union, or form a separate Confederacy? This is the great, grueling issue. It is not who shall be President, it is not which party shall rule -- it is a irresolution of political and social existence. Steven Channing, Crisis of Fear, pp. 141-142.Political divisionsAmerica was thus divided by sparing structure, and was led into fratricidal warfare by a series of political clashes.civil war essays paperscivil war3Albert Gallatin Brown, U.S. Senator from Mississippi, speaking with regard to the several filibuster expeditions to Central America I want Cuba . . . I want Tamaulipas, Potosi, and one or two other Mexican States and I want them all for the same reason -- for the planting and spreading of slavery. Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 106. Richmond Enquirer, 1856 Democratic liberty exists solely because we have slaves . . . freedom is not possible without slavery.Lawrence Keitt, Congressman from South Carolina, in a speech to the House on January 25, 1860 African slavery is the corner-stone of the industrial, social, and political fabric of the South and whatever wars against it, wars against her very existence. Strike down the institution of African slavery and you reduce the South to depopulation and barbarism. Later in the same speech he said, The anti-slavery party contend that slavery is wrong in itself, and the Government is a consolidated national democracy. We of the South contend that slavery is right, and that this is a confederate Republic of sovereign States. Taken from a photocopy of the Congressional Globe supplied by Steve Miller.Methodist Rev. John T. Wightman, preaching at Yorkville, South Carolina The triumphs of Christianity rest this very hour upon slavery and slavery depend s on the triumphs of the South . . . This war is the servant of slavery. The Glory of God, the Defence of the South (1861), cited in Eugene Genoveses Consuming Fire (1998).Alexander Stephens, Vice-President of the Confederacy, referring to the Confederate government Its foundations are laid, its cornerstone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man that slavery . . . is his natural and normal condition. Augusta, Georgia, Daily Constitutionalist, March 30, 1861.Alfred P. Aldrich, South Carolina legislator from Barnwell If the Republican party with its platform of principles, the main feature of which is the abolition of slavery and, therefore, the destruction of the South, carries the country at the next Presidential election, shall we remain in the Union, or form a separate Confederacy? This is the great, grave issue. It is not who shall be President, it is not which party shall rule -- it is a question of political and social existence. Steven Channin g, Crisis of Fear, pp. 141-142.Political divisionsAmerica was thus divided by economic structure, and was led into fratricidal warfare by a series of political clashes.

Development Strategy of Luxury Company Essay

1. Introduction As long as at that place is a society, there will always be mode. It was non affect a mood sets, curiously a opulence musical mode disfigurements became a national treasure which effect the issues in trading, political and hearty vault of heaven in European countries. Since the Hermas established in 1837, a special developing system model has formed and produced in European mellowlife congregation. Daniele de winter, the CEO of Daniele de Winter Cosmetics state that the secret of successful air way is a complete blend of creative genius and business circumspection acumen, skill and resourcefulness.The develop strategy is the key issue for a successful extravagance make company. With the education of economy and the increase of in come, much than and much extravagance elan companies expand their business into Asia- pacific region, especi every last(predicate)y the Hong Kong and mainland china merchandise. consort to the annual expla nation of Richemont, The Pinault-Printemps-Red come to the foree (PPR), Hemes, Bulberry and different(a) prodigality manner companies, the change taxation of Asia- Pacific region accounts for more(prenominal) than 30% of the convention total revenue. The Change of Global luxuriousness Fashion Market.The word mettlesome life origin from Latin word luxuria, which means an item that is overpriced and enjoyable merely no essential (Waite, 2012). In 186 BCE, the victory of ground forces of Gnaeus Manlius Vulso brought such overseas opulence as bronze couches, and costly stuff spreads into Rome. For some Roman historians, the triumph of Vulso marked as the beginning of sumptuosity industriousness in Europe. With the reading of centres, modern high life dash industry has turn over a cross-sectors industry which turns high price goods and service for can consumers. However, in the space of two decades, the modern highlife grocery has kindd beyond recognition.The narrow telescope of assume and demand of target consumers and the exclusive- distribution channels, represent by French Fashion, imbibe been replaced by a mass industry, attach to by magnification trade names with an affordable price by a wider range of consumers. Since the beginning of 1990s, the lavishness industry has been recognised and restructured by endeavorers and the fake designers belong the creator of art. According to the statistics from France Economic and affable Council in 2008 (France Economic and Social Council, 2008), with the strategy of physical shop/ stock certificate and expansion notes benefit 7 trillion euros.Depending on the diversion and internationalisation, the prodigality industry becomes an industry with wider consumers. For extype Ale, Hemes, managed by Jean-Louis Dumas, diversities their goods and creates new harvest-homes. The French sumptuousness manufacture gets a successful on rat art by purchasing crystal dent deification Lo uis and Silversmith Puiforcat. Similarly, Richemont Family, the main competitor of French imperfection, also control poem of brands, such as Carites, Baume & Mercier and Van Cleef & Arpells. The second change of opulence industry is the transformation from the handmade custom to industrial standardisation. fetching LVMH as examenple, there be three centerfields of product, as wines and spirit, baggage and slash, and forge and perfume industry. The famous brands in lavishness existence, like as Moet & Chandon, Loewe, Vuitton, Givenchy, Kenzo, Dior and Guerlain, standardise the products like different heavy industries. Along with the profit-seeking financial logic, the foodstuff and the product standardisation become the major apprehension with the concept of large product. In the new centre, the concept of high life industry and the demand of consumers ar changing all the time.Heritage and Prestige is the landmark of lots of highlife brands and the enduring cling to of subprograms of intermiticular brands. Comparing with the old call prodigality brand which utilizationd to be a heritage brand (Coste-Maniere, et al. , 2012), the new concept of opulence, substantial by Louis Vuitton and Burberry, means accepted by more consumers. For the occasional customers, they just enjoy the business of highlife in physical store against with the traditionalistic customer-exclusive. In the new era, increase the number of customers buy the vogue product they could afford, rather than become the royal consumer cod to the high price.Consequently, tension of consumer make and the competitive advantage means centralise the core value and expending brand boundary simultaneously. 2. 2 The victimisation dodge Model of Luxury Fashion pit The highlife hammer brand originate in European countries which have plentiful historic and heathen background. With the development of servial centres, the highlife hammer industry in European, Ameri can and Japanese have become mature and standarlisation. Under this circumstance, the strategy of luxuriousness development in western countries centralize on the brand expansion, stress for the core products and development of brand genius.2. 2. 1 Brand Expansion the Foundational Strategy Under the press of financial-seeking strategy and the changeable of prodigality commercialise, the old carriage luxury look brand faces the challenge of development in the mature commercialize in traditional European, American and Japanese region. Under this circumstance, the expansion of brands has become the foundational strategy for a large number of luxury mould corporates, which maintain a new opportunity to stress the brand substitution class, the or so significant assets for a luxury sort company.(Albrecht, et al. , 2013 Uggla & Lashgari, 2012 Hoffmann & Coste-Maniere, 2012)Many luxury companies break by dint of the traditional product boundary and expensed their business into new food market segmentations. For instance, Louis Vuitton, beginning with luggage, invested in other creative spheres ready-to-wear industry as well as jewellery market (LVMH, 2012), and Gucci, beginning with leather goods, developed all sets of fashion products including leather goods, shoes, ready-to-wear, watches, jewellery and other products.(PPR, 2012). Meanwhile, there ar some companies expensed segments into non-traditional atomic number 18a. For example, the luxury jewellery manufacture Bulgari and Italian brand Versace started to offer hotel under their brand (LVMH, 2012) and Armani provide diverse products from books, furniture and chocolates to restaurants, meters and spas. The other Italian luxury brand, Roberro Cavalli, famous for its fashion apparel for young generation, offer wine and vodka as well as run coffee bar (The Cavalli Caffe) and club (The Cavalli Club). 2. 2.2 Striving for the Core The Product Strategy For a global corporate, it is common rules of development depend on the core production or service and then diversification. However, even as diversification, the excellence core production and the strongest sectors within the luxury brands continued to earn the majority of its wampum from the traditional products. (Ahrendts, 2013 Beverland, 2005 Miller & Mills, 2012). For luxury consumer, they expect to acquire a honorable brands and product so that they emphase on the value of core heritage.The leather goods, the core of Gucci Group, earn 59% of its revenue in 2012 (PPR, 2012). The iconic luggage is the tradition from the time corporate was founded and become the brand image of the LVMH Group. (LVMH, 2011) The good turn of Burberry from a ageing British brand to a global luxury brand is a successful product strategy transition. Before 2006, through in a burgeoning global market. Burberry faced a low product at a rate of 2 shareage every affable class and two competitors LVMH and PPR had more than 12 times and 1 6 times Burberrys sale revenue.By surving the sectors among Burberry products all over the world, the results indicate the outerwear, as the core, exclusively accourted of 20% of Burberrys global brand business. class 1 the Facts and fiscal Statistics of Burberry (Resource from Burberry, Yahoo Finance) pic After brainstorming and formalizing from the administrative add-in, the New Jersey factore which is do polo shirts was closed and invested in the Casteford factory in Yorkshire which make the heritage trech come out included traditional rainwear and exclusive waterproof gabardine.Burberry also hire Christopher Bailey as the global designer for innovation of core products. The facts and financial statistic of Burberry from 2006 to 2012 in Figure 1 aimed that the decision to focus on the heritage opened up a wealth of creativity. By the end of 2012, the sale revenues and operating income had three-fold than previous 5 years, achieving $3 billion and $600 billion attentivenes sively. (Burberry, 2007 Burberry, 2012) 2. 2. 3 The Brand Reputation The Brand Strategy The brand is the almost valuable part of luxury goods and the motivity of luxury exercise.Once separating from the luxury brand, the goods is the ordinary adept. every(prenominal) successful company sees the brand as the most valuable fortune. they workout the advanced trade logic and marketing operation to motivate the development, search approaches to express the value and connotation of brands to luxury consumers and attract the royality of customers. As a tool of art, a carrier of history, and a spirit of classic, construct-up a high quiality reputation is brand strategy for luxury companies.Since founded in 1847, Cartier, as peerless of the most established name in the jewellay market, is the reference of ture and timeless luxury. scheming by Cartier, the product distinguishes itself by the unequalled skills and excellence in design and execution. Nearly in 30 years, the extensive art activities are not competitive without the support by the Foundation Crtier pour l imposture Contemporain (Richemont, 2013). With the development of brand reputation, Cartier is the synonym of modern art and a pioneering approach. Meanwhile, most of luxury brands come from the centre of Renaissance 2.3 The Features of Chinese Luxury Market Chinese market places the second place in the world of luxury consumption, surpassing the United States since 2008. Along with Japan, china is the strongest market with the increasing demand of 20 percentages. The consulting report from Glob Advantage estimate there are 18 thousand billionaires, 440 thousand multimillionaires and increasing the number of optic class achieving 250 million in 2015 in todays mainland China (Degen, 2009), which have the strong leveraging power and need of luxury fashion industry.Even with the influence of the financial crisis, the sale revenue of luxury fashion in the mainland China rose by 16 percent, reachin g or so 64 billion RMB. The market investigate or so Chinese market laid a foundation for the development and expansion strategy of luxury brands. The shifting attitudes to luxury brands, the greater sophistication of Chinese consumers and the new geographic markets have become the main features of Chinese luxury market. The three characteristics movement the global strategy of development for luxury brands. Figure 2According to the survey of McKinsey & Company (KPMG, 2013), with the rapidly increase of income, more and more Chinese consumers shifts the attitude to luxury and feel comfortable to purchasing luxury products. The rich consumers which income over 300,000 RMB continued occupy the majority of the luxury purchase. Meanwhile, the statistics show that, the upper middle class (between 100,000 RMB and 200,000 RMB), which account for 22% of luxury goods purchase by the end of 2015, as the Figure 2 suggested, offers the biggest new exploitation opportunity. 2. 3. 1 The i ncreasing number of overseas travelIn the randomness era, Chinese consumers have become more sophisticated than before. With the surge in the number of luxury stores, fashion magazine, the Web official site and the use of social media, Chinese consumers familiar with the luxury brands with the athletic supporter of Internet, overseas travel, and the first-hand experience. For example, the investigate result indicated that in the last 12 months, the Hong Kong, Taiwan, Macro and Europe become the main destinations of overseas luxury purchase. Figure 3 Where did you purchase your cosmetics in the last 12 months? (Resource from Global Reach of China Luxury of KPMG) pic 2. 3.2 The increase of new market segmentation The rapidly growth of urbanisation and individual wealth emerge large quantity of geographic markets with intelligent pools of luxury-goods consumptions. The luxury purchase and sale revenue of some medium and miserable cities, such as Qingdao in Shandong province and Wu xi in Zhejiang province, tripled than the previous 5 years. In the following years, the luxury consumption in these medium and polished cities will achieve the same level with Hangzhou and Nanjing, the most developed market in mainland China, the sale of which will arrive at RMB 500 million yuan and account for 76% of whole market.2. 3. 3 The increasing of hammer goods Love for luxury, preference for counterfeit is a unique phenomenon in luxury consumption in Chinese luxury market. According to a report entitled Transnational Organized Crime in East Asia and the Pacific from Office on Drugs and Crime, almost 70% of global counterfeits luxury goods come from China and the value of counterfeit luxury goods imported into traditional luxury market on the order of $25 billion annually.In a confusion society , the luxury consumption of Chinese consumers become more irrationally than western consumer, which depended on the extenral need rather internal need (Zhang & Kim, 2013). For Ch inese consumers, luxury brands are somethings must to have for them to honour their social status. however, the wealth gap between the rich and the poor in China is the largest all over the world, which offer the passion for consumption of luxury counterfeits. The young generation, aged 25 to 34 with modified cypher for documented luxury fashion goods, racked up nearly a quarter fo fake fanciers.2. 4 The Passion for Luxury Consumption of Chinese consumers China is the second largest luxury market all over the world and attracting the watchfulness of consumption of Chinese consumers. Under the influence of unique economic touch, cultural background and social factor, the behaviour of Chinese consumers in luxury fashion market have the distinctive characteristics. The bling factor influenced by economic situation, the preservation face affected by the Confucianism and group orientation as the social factor drive the luxury consumption in Chinese fashion market. 2.4. 1 The Bling Factor With the emerging of Internet, fashion magazines and social media, more and more Chinese consumers know the brands of luxury brands. However, the cultural concept and history of the luxury fashion brands are far away from numbers of Chinese luxury consumers. For many luxury fashion firms, there is not one representative luxury customer in China due to the polar habits, different tastes and different income levels. The bling factor or following the whole market flair remains an eventful factor for the Chinese consumer in luxury fashion market.For example, correspond to luxury consumer report of Chinese market, almost 60 percent of the respondents in spirit level 1 cities including Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Beijing, impress and other Tier 2 cities, stated that the key drivers for luxury consumption is the willingness to pay a product that just is popular or fashionable goods. Exclusivity or unique is an important understanding of luxury brand for Chinese consumption. There are near one fifth of customers cope that they will pay the luxury goods that are known and appreciated by the minority rather than the famous one.In terms of Chinas unique cultural background, the Chinese consumers consider luxury brand value influenced by Confucianism. In the concept of Confucian, the notion of mianzi is defined as a reputation achieved through getting on in through success and ostentation. (Hu, 1944 Dong & Lee, 2007) The traditional cultural understanding and effecting about the face saving becomes the strongest and most large passion for luxury consumption, which means concerning about the impress to other and the visual display than the level of income.The Chinese consumer in luxury world campaign to pay a premium product on the luxury brand rather than essential goods in daily life, due to strong appetency and pressure of maintaining face. Taking the finding of KPMG as the example, comparing with the apparel, the stronger growth of market for fashion accessories is considerable. Nearly 40% of luxury consumers enjoy the luxury experiences and the right of luxury in a physical store/shop over purchases of luxury items.Overall, the face saving (saving mianzi) relates to the individual image of worth and reputation within a collectivism society. As the result, Chinese consumers are a lot careful not to lose face by standing out from the crowed when consuming luxury goods. The widely distributed strategy Although the market has its particular features, the development of luxury fashion strategy in Chinese luxury market is followed the general rules of luxury firms in global market. As the foundation strategy, the brand file name extension and production diversification also provide the base of the development in Chinese luxury market.The apparel, handbag, jewellery, fashion accessories and luxury servicers are offered in mainland China, especially in Tier 1 cities like Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. Promoting the sale revenue o f the core products in mainland China, as the product strategy, enhances the brand sentiency in Chinese market. Expanding the influence, luxury fashion firms invest large amount of capital to popularize the brand reputation as a simple of culture and grandeur as well as the means of fashion and art. The marketing strategy raising brand sentiency.Due to the lower brand awareness and lack of cognition of brand value, the royalty of brand in Chinese market is lower than its in traditional European market. The special situation provides a strong externally powerful tool, which means not only when expand the value of the luxury brand into a regular group of consumers, but also sway them making a purchase. In young year, luxury fashion firm invest increasing the number of budget into Chinese market not only make headway the brand awareness, but also help the consumers inform a notion about luxury goods and luxury life-style and why they should purchase luxury goods and luxury wor k.The brand building-up develop based not only the advertising on weighty paper and television, also included the display on luxury goods expounding and the customised publications. Nowadays, more and more luxury fashion goods disposition held in Beijing, Shanghai and other cities, which offer a good opportunity for Chinese consumers to ensure the luxury goods frequently displayed in store. Meanwhile, more and more consumers visiting the exhibition are not an onlooker. The localisation strategy.The luxury fashion brand with high brand awareness contain the European and American culture and value which is living standard of high level, the product and design of high tint. Those set accepted by and attract young generation who switch off to, however, it is not accepted by all Chinese consumers who have their own value. Respecting to Chinese traditional culture and integrated it into the product value is the essential of luxury fashion business in China.For example, Louis Vuitto n setting Du Juan, the one of top Chinese model all over the world, and advertising as the Chinese image step one right place on purposeion and help western luxury fashion companies overcome the cultural barriers. This kind of strategy could build up strong attachments among Chinese consumers and help them accepted the unique characteristic of luxury fashion brands. The pricing strategy Price is one of the most significant signals in Chinese business world. For most Chinese consumers, price represented the value of luxury fashion goods.As a result, the luxury fashion products should not go on discount, no involvement what the consumer is. The pricing strategy about goods, especially about core products, could pad a brands prestige. For other items, companies could adjust the price according to the market condition and the inventory in order to long-term brand building. The retailing strategy A stupendous store belongs to the luxury fashion company located in the luxury area build up a sense of important and set by the market.The luxury fashion positioning enhanced if the boutiques are visible to a lot of consumer in major fashion cities. The landmark stores opened in Chinese Tier 1 cities, such as Beijing, Hangzhou and Guangzhou, are the best locations to building the brand image and attracting the target customer groups. The commercial centres and shop malls in luxury area are welcomed by most of fashion lovers, luxury chase and luxury intellectuals.Meanwhile, the investing on the landmark store is the best and efficient way to generate profits and build-up brand royalty. In an Internet era, shopping online has become the major shopping way, especially for the young people. Although most luxury fashion companies have shied away from online channels due to the fearing that e-commerce might knock down the value of the luxury brand. However, for a long-term return and brand building, online program provides not only a purchase channel, but also an cult ivation exchange channel between luxury fashion brand and Chinese consumers.With the developing of GDP and individual income of consumers, the global luxury fashion market and such the emerging market as China, have become the strategic focus of luxury market queryer and the consult company. This report attempts to bring up development strategy of the luxury fashion brand, especially in mainland China market through the analysis of the change of global luxury fashion brand, over panorama of Chinese luxury market and the passion for luxury consumption.All those factors were place depend on a comprehensive review of luxury fashion goods related researches and market consulting reports. The findings of this study provide a new appreciation of global and Chinese luxury fashion market for the consumers who interests the luxury fashion brand and a clear strategy guide for market managers of the luxury fashion firms, particular in the time of the company expand their business in mainla nd China. In addition, the study helps reduce the risks and costs of market research and helps the company overcome the huge gap in a multicultural business environment.First, the findings about the global luxury fashion market and the general development strategy in luxury fashion market all over the world indicated that the achieving the growth while remaining exclusive positioning, and attracting more consumers without losing cachet of brand value is the core strategy for every luxury corporates. The more loyal consumers may weaken due to the popular brands launched in the market because they choose pay a premium goods that majority and identified by small group.Consequently, the balance between growth and unique, the price and quality may be tougher in China than in any other market. However, customization develops quickly as the new trend of luxury fashion industry. The customizing activities have launched in different business sectors, but which is yet adopted by the luxury in dustry on a board. At presents, the customization just limited on the area of fashion accessories, apparel, handbags, and jewellery, and emphasising on customizing standard products, point of words customization and service and producing bespoke goods.Secondly, the increasing the number of consumers, overseas traveller, new market segments and the counterfeits goods have become the main features in the Chinese luxury fashion market in recent years. The features are important of stress the benefits of investment in mainland China. Based on the research findings, foreign marketers should setting extension strategy that is rational with branding, merchandising and global image by helping Chinas globetrotting shoppers, striking the balance between store numbers and quality and focusing anti-counterfeit goods.For Chinese globetrotting shoppers, the customer relationship management should emphasis global view rather than on mainland China. In the view of higher(prenominal) management board, the corporate organisational structure of the luxury fashion company should forge the significant of Chinese market by sorting up the processes for generating direct communication between Chinese luxury consumers and the home headquarter. Based on the new market segmentation, the luxury company should upgrade current stores and outlets in order to keep consistent with the global image and emphasis on the business in Tier 1 cities.As the market statistics indicated that the luxury counterfeit goods have become the barriers for development in China, including seizing sale revenue and weakening brand value. Luxury fashion companies should co-operate with customs officials to accept fake goods at ports. Working with international national organisation or international associations should be the third path for anti-counterfeit activities. The co-operation should ranges from such international associations as World Intellectual Property to regional groups like US-focused Internat ional Anti-Counterfeits Coalition.Thirdly, the research findings about the passions for Chinese luxury fashion consumption indicated that the bling customers who lack of knowledge about luxury fashion goods or just following the trend account of a part of Chinese luxury consumers. Besides that, Chinese luxury consumption deeply influenced by saving faces and group orientation, which are the part of traditional Confusion value. Targeting different drivers of luxury consumption, managers should have different strategies.For the bling customers, the global luxury firms should invest in improving the brand awareness and expanding the brand value, which could offer a global opportunity to attracting potential customers and building loyalty and repeat customer groups. For the consumers who care about saving face, International luxury fashion markers should draw the outline of visual and outward fashion of rank and status when unfolding their marketing activities. Meanwhile, the companies should emphasise the brands country of origin, so the Chinese consumers have the confident to identified and august with other mass products.In addition, the package of luxury goods also need to be recognisable in order to fit the moderate and modus vivendi associated with Chinese consumers. Furthermore, in light of the results about group orientation, the management board company should stress the profit of luxury fashion goods as a symbol of social marker and the sale assistants inspire consumer purchases because of the goods could generate a sense of group belonging and conformity of the elite. Due to the group belonging, a special attention should be given to the layout of the physical store and the luxury service of sale staff.No matter who is the consumer, friends will be mingled during the decision making process and become potential consumers in the future. Proving high-quality services and creating luxury experience for non-buyers also benefit for making sure that the br and accepted by group and that the consumer does not stand out from others. Finally, about the current expansion strategy in mainland China market, most of luxury fashion companies emphasis the strategy on marking, localization, pricing and retailing coherent with the global business aims.Raising brand awareness and expressing the luxury lifestyle lay the foundation of marketing strategy. In order to delight in to Chinese traditional culture, luxury brands should integrate Chinese culture and art into design, package, and store layout of products, which accepted easily by Chinese consumers in different social class. Meanwhile, the research findings indicated that the price is the most important factor which influenced Chinese luxury consumption. Luxury marketers should balance the price between Chinese market and overseas.As for the retailing strategy, the luxury brand stresses the developing of boutiques store and the setting up online distribution channels. However, there are sev eral special attention should be given to price gap between China and overseas, and the online distribution channels. On one hand, comparing with that rarely go on discount in mainland China, the luxury fashion goods is often at a discount at overseas, especially for the non-core products and in the time of Christmas or Summer Sale.On the other hand, the high rate of tax and fees raise up the price of luxury fashion goods in mainland China. According to the law and regulations in China, a luxury fashion goods, such as the eye cream of Estee Lauder indispensable to the UK, is imported into Chinese market with 10% import responsibility, 30% consumption tax, 5% sales tax and 17% value-add tax. Including the managing fees, advertising costs and other issues, the price of the eye cream is double in the UK.In the respect of the luxury company, the appreciate discount in Chinese market could promote the desire of consumption and boost the sale revenue in the respect of tax policy makers in mainland China, reducing the rate of import tariff and consumption tax of international luxury fashion goods could Finally, luxury fashion goods, as a subject of nature, play different or scenarios, different income level, education background, and social economic factors, as well as exam the type of relationship that seek from luxury fashion brands.On the view of passions for luxury consumption, there are many other drivers, such as collection, appreciation, should take the consideration into further research.

Nutrition topic

This is one of the vitamins that form viands supplement for man others argon Vitamin B1 thiamin, Vitamin B2 riboflavin, vitamin B3 niacin, vitaminB5 pantothenic acid, folic acid and vitamin B6 pyridoxine. These are important supplements that are required for the maintenance of metabolism in the organisms they act as coenzymes and cofactors in various anabolic and catabolic reactions essential for the survival of cells, and the organism 1.4.Of peculiar interest for this article is Vitamin B12. The sympathy for choice of this, among other things is be shake of the devastating medical cases including neural tube defects, irreversible Vitamin B12 neuropathy that may arise as a result of deficiency. It would be considered nether the following headings source, metabolism structure, absorption, transport, biochemical function and deficiency.SOURCEThe vitamin is only available in animal sources. It is synthesized by microbes animals acquire it by eating other animal foods, by internal pr oduction from intestinal bacterial flora. Its sources embroil food of animal origin, much(prenominal) as meat, fish, dairy products, liver. It does not occur in plant sources cereals, fruits or vegetables 1.METABOLISMSTRUCTURE 1 There are a variety of forms in which Vitamin B12 exists as methyl groupcobalamin in human plasma, as deoxyadenosylcobalamin in human tissue, as hydroxocobalamin for treatment, and cyanocobalamin in study of Vitamin B12 activity. All commit the same basic structure cobalt is at the centre of a corrin ring which is attached to a nucleotide.ABSORPTION A normal sustenance contains a large excess of vitamin B12 compared with daily needs. B12 is combined with the parietal cell-produced glycoprotein, infixed factor. The IF-B12 complex binds to a specific receptor in the distal ileum called Cubilin. Vitamin B12 is imprisoned here at the distal ileum.TRANSPORT Vitamin B12 is absorbed into portal decline through the circulation from the intestine to the liver via the portal vein. Here it becomes attached to the plasma-binding protein transcobalamin II TCII which delivers B12 to the bone marrow and other tissues, where it is utilized for biosynthetic functions 4.BIOCHEMICAL dish up Vitamin B12 is a coenzyme for two biochemical reactions in the body. First, it acts in the form of methylcobalamin as a cofactor for methionone synthase, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of homocysteine to methionine methyl tetrahydrofolateis used as methyl donor during the reaction. Second, it acts as deoxyadenosylB12 where it acts as cofactor for the conversion of methylmalonyl conenzyme A to succinyl coA 4.DEFICIENCYCAUSES In this part of the world, perincious anemia is the commonest case of Vitamin B12 deficiency 3. In this condition, autoimmune reactions on the gastric mucosa cause production of antibodies against parietal cell products, intimate factor and its receptors females are more affected and it is usually associated with other autoimm une conditions such as vitiligo, Hashimoto thyroiditis, thyrotoxicosis, etc. Other causes include malabsorption secondary to gastrectomy, innate abnormailtiy of the IF, chronic tropical sprue, Crohns disease, intestinal stagnant loop syndrome such as stricture 4.EFFECTS Vitamin B12 deficiency causes megaloblastic anaemia 2 it features include signs and symptoms of anaemis such as anorexia, easy fatiguability, pallor of skin and mucous tissue layer and malaise. Others are glossitis, angular stomatitis, purpura and lemon-tint jaundice.Severe Vitamin B12 deficiency may cause a progressive neuropathy affecting the peripheral sensory nerves and dorsolateral columns of the spinal cord 4. The neuropathy is usually symmetrical and affects the lower limbs than the upper limbs. These changes are irreversible. The cause of this is usually accumulation of s-adenosyl homocysteine in nervous tissue. In a significant woman, the fetus is predisposed to neural tube defects 4.LABORATORY FINDINDS B lood record shows macrocytosis the mean corpuscularf volume > 95fL. The macrocytes are oval. There are hypersegmented neutrophils, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia 1. interposition Diagnosis is confirmed by absorption tests including schilling test. treatment is by taking Vitamin B12 preparations 1.REFERENCESVitamin B12. www.mayoclinic.com/health/vitamin-B12/NS_patient-vitaminb12Chanarin I. 1970 The Megaloblastic anaemias. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. Toh B-H, Van Driel I.R and Gleeson P.A. 1997 Pernicious Anaemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 337 1441-8. Mehta A.B. and Hoffbrand A.V. hematology at a Glance. 2000.  

Technology Impact on Family Time

The impact of engine room on family metre Nowadays engine room is a discussion section of our solid life beca exercise most people defend the same need that is the convenience. Although technology understructure provide and service of process many a nonher(prenominal) functions and applications that support the human need only if it also has an impact to our real life as well. The impact of Technology to our real life is sentence on family. Three technologies that have impact to family atomic number 18 reckoner, Mobile Phone, and pill. The unchanging of tablet sales in U. S. on year 2011 from NPD Group they say U. S. Tablet Sales excluding Apple Exceed 1. Million Units in basic Months of 2011,1 this is in one country, that mean tablet is a new technology which every people attend. Tablet is a thingamabob that suitable for exclusive person beca persona it easy to take and easy for do a business, only if if you ingestion it in your family. You will concentrate only your tablet not attends to member in your family. The ready of this situation will decrease time and relationship on family. Therefore, if you are in the family you must use that device to make your family enjoy together or dont use its.However, most of family still attend to tablet by doesnt recover about impacted on family time and relationship. On the other script technology still has another device that can makes family time increasingly. Causes of calculating machine applications are dogmatic affected on family time. From past to present, there are many types of computer such as Super electronic computer, Computer PC, and Computer Notebook. Computer has an evolution of itself as you can go across a new generation of computer has sm wholeer coat than the old computer. Even though new computer has smaller size, but functions and applications of its not small like size.It can do and serve many things by using functions and applications such as do traffic online, Facebook , E-mail, key outing, or playing game. Due to this example, the article of Washington express University, Vancouver examines the comprehend effect of computers on family time and relationships. The result said (89% perceived that the computer impacted their family relationships, 45% mostly positive impact 24% blend impact and 20% mostly negative impact). 2 From this article, Computer has positive impact more than(prenominal) than negative impact.That means applications of computer not effect on family time and relationship. Communication by using mobile peal was cause on family time. The main function of mobile phone is use for say between 2 people. Because of mobile phone used for air and also support many functions like computer to make communicate easily. Things that new generation mobile phone can do more than old generation mobile phone is communicated by typing and word-painting calling. This function is appropriate very much for communicate, so in part of family.Mob ile phone was caused to makes family more talking, even though they cant see or meet together in the house. To sum up, technology was caused on family time very much, because it has an advantage and disadvantage inside itself. it has an evolution all the time in term of components or applications. Therefore every family should learn and select the advantage of each technology such as use computer and tablet for learning more than playing game, or use mobile phone for participate and communicate in family more than yack away to friend.If your family can do like the example your family will gain more time and reduce impact on family. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 Reference 1 U. S. Tablet Sales excluding Apple Exceed 1. 2 Million Units in origin Months of 2011 &lthttps//www. npd. com/wps/porta l/npd/us/news/pressreleases/pr_111122b&gt 2Jane D. Lanigan, Washington State University, Vancouver &lthttp//familyscienceassociation. org/archived%20journal%20articles/FSR_vol14_2008/2Jane_Lanigan. pdf&gt

Multinational Corporations

Globalization The liberalist economic theory Is al-Qaedad on the detail that not every(prenominal) affirms territories include the blessing of various natural resources. Therefore, republic economies over the old age eat builded several laws that forge economic orbicular switch over a earlier fair transaction. In its sum trading was created to aid the gaining of returns for territories in which producing a specific good world power be trammel due to their natural resources from those with comparative or exacting advantage.Economic liberalizes trust that disposals should not interfere in the markets, be shit external elate Is maximized when states convention comparative advantage and specialize in certain products. It makes more than instinct for a pastoral with easier and cheaper ways to produce a specific product do so in abundance and shargon it through global trade with the world, rather than it be extremely difficult and costly for a single state to do it alone.Through foreign charge devotement, multinational corporations ar able to invest in other countries by establishing their own facilities in foreign territories. This is the base of globalization. Through supply and Mans companies atomic number 18 locating close together(predicate) to customers and Introducing themselves In the aforesaid(prenominal) area as competitors, meanwhile they hire topical anaesthetic manufacturers and employees to assist the ware of their product. By doing so, they not only fuel the international economy by creating a larger amount of production for trade, hardly they also are creating melodic lines for people where they are most needed.They usually establish foreign facilities and plants in countries where wage is extremely cheap- indicating that these countries are probably sign to extremely sorry human beings, who would have trouble finding a Job In the first place. Yet they also search to enthrone In states that have attractive re sources. FED Is good for develop countries because they make their economies stronger. By compensable taxes and training personnel, they enrich their host territories economy and development.Economic liberalizes remember that Mans can distribute as a peace keeping authorisation during trying multiplication between two countries. That interdependence globally would cause powers to be more under permiting and hesitant before creating a war. moreover stating that underdeveloped nations cannot Lully go for the Mans because of lack of proper enforcement of human right laws, in that respect is a feel that the workers may be exploited, but through guard duty and health standards, this stead is usually controlled. I strongly believe that create states should allow Mans to stand facilities in their territories.Its clear that for development, you must establish a strong economy, and FED and Mans without a doubt assist lesser-developed countries in stretchiness development. They create Jobs for those who are uneducated and therefore disqualified from many Job technological forward motion of local companies. I do, however, support that specific tariffs and laws should be set against the Mans goods being sold in that states market, because local producers could not stand a probability next to mass productions.Also, the dangers of human rights being profaned are likely when establishing an NC in a state with an unrecognized government and must be highly investigated for proper activity. In regards to those issues I believe that as immense as the General Agreement on Tariffs and patronage (GAIT) enforce and convention their trade principals the global trade market result be a safe place. The prevarication and liberalizing of trade and foreign direct investment are the best way to go about developing a state.transnational CorporationsGlobalization The liberal economic theory Is based on the fact that not all states territories include the blessing of vari ous natural resources. Therefore, state economies over the years have established several laws that make economic global trade a rather fair transaction. In its core trading was created to facilitate the gaining of products for territories in which producing a specific good might be limited due to their natural resources from those with comparative or absolute advantage.Economic liberalizes believe that governments should not interfere in the markets, because international elate Is maximized when states practice comparative advantage and specialize in certain products. It makes more sense for a country with easier and cheaper ways to produce a specific product do so in abundance and share it through global trade with the world, rather than it be extremely difficult and costly for a single state to do it alone.Through foreign direct investment, multinational corporations are able to invest in other countries by establishing their own facilities in foreign territories. This is the bas e of globalization. Through FED and Mans companies are locating closer to customers and Introducing themselves In the same area as competitors, meanwhile they hire local manufacturers and employees to assist the production of their product. By doing so, they not only fuel the international economy by creating a larger amount of production for trade, but they also are creating Jobs for people where they are most needed.They usually establish foreign facilities and plants in countries where wage is extremely cheap- indicating that these countries are probably home to extremely poor human beings, who would have trouble finding a Job In the first place. Yet they also search to Invest In states that have attractive resources. FED Is good for developing countries because they make their economies stronger. By paying taxes and training personnel, they enrich their host territories economy and development.Economic liberalizes believe that Mans can serve as a peace keeping potential during t rying times between two countries. That interdependence globally would cause powers to be more understanding and hesitant before creating a war. However stating that underdeveloped nations cannot Lully control the Mans because of lack of proper enforcement of human right laws, there is a chance that the workers may be exploited, but through safety and health standards, this situation is usually controlled. I strongly believe that developing states should allow Mans to house facilities in their territories.Its clear that for development, you must establish a strong economy, and FED and Mans without a doubt assist lesser-developed countries in reaching development. They create Jobs for those who are uneducated and therefore disqualified from many Job technological advancement of local companies. I do, however, support that specific tariffs and laws should be set against the Mans goods being sold in that states market, because local producers could not stand a chance next to mass produ ctions.Also, the dangers of human rights being violated are possible when establishing an NC in a state with an unrecognized government and must be highly investigated for proper activity. In regards to those issues I believe that as long as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GAIT) enforce and practice their trade principals the global trade market will be a safe place. The prevarication and liberalizing of trade and foreign direct investment are the best way to go about developing a state.

No Security Without Development

at that place is no trade protection without larnment and no development without certification. (40 marks) This try out is going to focus on whether there can be no security department without development and no development without security. Security can accommodate economic security, social (personal, political and community ) security, health security and viands security. Development can include social (hospitals, schools, housing) and infrastructure (communication links roads, agent supplies, access to water) aspects.Security and development can both be linked to indigence. So, the call into question is, if a unsophisticated or region is living in poverty can either security or development be gained? There cannot be no security without development if people do not own comely shoot down as they do not experience social security or do not have land to grow crops, meaning a lack of economic and nourishment security. Afghanistan is a unstable country and is prone to c ivil wars lasting over 30 years. Only 12% of its land is farmable meaning that Afghans are competing for the best land.However, alternatively of growing crops, they crop poppies that can be used to produce heroin, which generates a lot more income than crops. This can give some economic security, however defects food security due to the lack of crops grown. There cannot be no security if people live in fear of losing everything in a born(p) disaster such as an earthquake, tsunami or a volcanic eruption. An utilisation of this is the Asian Tsunami in 2004 that hit countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lankia, India and Thailand.It killed 250000 people in a day, causing mass damage wiping out everything in its way. This meant that houses, infrastructure, health services and businesses were destroyed. With 1. 7 million people homeless, it clasped social security and left field many people without food. The 18 countries that were affected lacked security. However, with NGOs, ai d and relief it allowed the countries to develop again which championed to rebuild businesses which helped increase economic security and gave shelter and beloved supplies which developed to increase social and food security.Therefore, this suggests that with security a country can develop and with development there can be security. The popular Republic of Congo (DRC) is a resource rich country, however, it lacks security. They have a lot of gold but no machines to get it out, lacks development of infrastructure. Unfortunately, no big companies will invest unless the country has peace and gains social security. However, to help the country develop, monitoring of mines is a strategy to help bring security and get resources safely to sell, which provides an income to help the DRC to develop.Sadly, there are not enough conflict free mines such as in Nyabibwe to help lavish development as there is only partial security. Therefore, this suggests that if there is no security developmen t cannot take place. To conclude, no security without development and no development without security is dependent on an areas status. For example the DRC has conflict and lacks security so no one will invest to help development, whereas a country like Indonesia, where a natural disaster has occurred lacks security but aid and relief is given that increases development that helps to increase security.

Egg Baby Reflection Paper Essay

Through make love tabu of the closet this whole experience with my baby orchis Kend completely, had authentically taught me how to become far more obligated. My experience with my globe baby was so much fun, tho I soon learned that it wouldnt be easy caring for a baby all day persistent every day. Having to look after a child 24/7 is not an easy task to accomplish, especially when you had other priories before the bollock came along. I admit this whole process wasnt fun at sequences. For manakin all the times when I either went out to decimate or to go shopping, I not only had to get solid food for myself but for one more person It might sound silly, but you rattling give to remember that its not just you and your keep up any more. You have a baby During the process, I had to convey a way to work around my job and take c atomic number 18 of Kendall, so I had to take off a good month and a half to provide good carry on for my child. This experience as certaind me unt il now more that I am not near ready for children at my age. I also thought that it a stria got harder as the hebdomad went on with having to carry it everywhere I went, and to get in and out of my locker, as well as bringing it to class everyday epoch all the same time not dropping it The whole cardinal weeks was quite the experience for me.I managed to never drop, or crack my crackpot baby through it all. Which wasnt an easy task to do, considering you literally had the egg every class you went to. Not to mention when you couldnt make time for your baby you had to find a babysitter that you depend on for a good 3 hours. When going to and from school I decided to brooch up Kendall in the front seat so she was very ripe and had no change of getting smashed by my book root or anything else. Through it all I found that the more swither I put into this project, the more I would get out of it in the end. I had to realize that this egg baby was going to be my superlative degree priority for two weeks straight. During her physical, emotional, social, and cognitive development stages I learned that babies be motivated, curious and competent learners right from the start. They are natural scientists in a way. Cognitive development is the building of concept knowledge and thought skills. Children come into the universe eager to learn. Through relationships, active exploration and experiences, figure out how things work, imitate others, try out new behaviors, share meaning, and solve problems. equivalent scientists, young children discover the mysteries of the world.Through play and practice, they build ideas and develop their thinking skills on their own. I found that babies experience emotions right from the start. From their first squawk of hunger to their first giggle, their emotional experience grows. Young children learn whatsoever(prenominal) ways to express emotions such as happiness, sadness and anger. As they act with their people, they c ome to understand their own emotional experience. Eventually they gain many control over their strong emotions. I learned that as children bestride and grow parents eagerly await for measurable signs in the childs life such as learning how to roll over and crawl. individually of these represents a part of physical development. I found that it is also important to realize that the speed at which these indicators are reached potty vary. For example some children learn to walk earlier than their friends, while others may take a bit longer. I learned that social and emotional development is a lot harder to determine than signs of physical development. From the start babies begin to explore their new world including themselves and other people. During this development children tend to have rapid mood swings. Their emotions can be very intense these feelings also tend to be short-lived.For example your child can go from screaming hysterically about a toy he wants to sitting in fron t of the television softly watching his favorite show just moment later whatever studies have found that emotional and social developments are needed for school. Examples acknowledge paying attention to adults, and cooperating with other kids. I learned a lot from all these developments. They really taught me how hard it will be when later on I do eventually have kids and what I will have to look forward to. Parenthood affected my week just by having to make sure I leave a little excess earlier to get to class on time, and having to keep hold on good to my basket when moving through the halls. The biggest job I snarl really had me thinking at all times was to make sure I never left her anywhere, and to always know where she was at all times I had baffling times during the week where I had to find a babysitter a parallel days ahead when I knew I wasnt going to be able to take care of her that night. I really had to adapt very quickly to this new life-style for two weeks,  because I knew it was going to change how I did everything. The most difficult thing for my end-to-end this whole process was probably having to put my egg baby before anything for two weeks.At some points during the process Kendall was conformation of a pain because she had to tag along to literally everything I went to since throughout the process I really didnt have much notes for babysitters but I managed, and some of the places were not suitable for egg babies. I felt I spent a lot of time with Kendall, I mean honestly she went practically everywhere with me We spent a good deal of time together to and from school, and after track practices. The most time occurred at school, and going to every class together. I will most presumable parent my child with clear expectations and consequences and I will be lovely and caring toward them. I will allow for flexibility when they are dealing with behavioral challenges. In conclusion, I feel from this whole experience my letter gra de should be an A. If the past week was any sign, my egg-parenting skills are still a work in progress. I managed to keep my egg intact without any cracks. In the end I was actually really surprised how good I kept Kendall together. I did have some nerves about dropping it, when other classmates were only a couple days into the project and already having cracks or dropping it completely. Though I found out that I had become much more responsible through this whole project.

Analyzing the Polluter Pays Principle Through Law and Economics Essay

The defiler pays dogma states that whoever is responsible for maltreat to the surround should brook the appeals associated with it. The defiler Pays Principle (PPP) is whiz of the supranationally recognized dominions that in? uence the shaping of environmental policy at both the national and multinationalistic level. As oneness of the environmental normals that have developed from government activityal slogans to licit rules, it is also progressively re? ected in national and international law. It is seen and analyzed both as a convention of environmental stintings and as a commandment of environmental law.In environmental economics, it is discussed as an ef? ciency principle of internalization of environmental cost. As a intelligent principle, it is usually treated as a principle for the allocation of the cost of pollution measure, and for liability and compensation for environmental ravish. In general, it is regarded as an important and right principle in th e placement of environmental fosterion. It is oftentimes mentioned together with an some other(prenominal) major environmental principles such(prenominal) as the preventative principle, the principle of prevention and the principle of integration.In general, it is regarded as an important and right principle in the perspective of environmental cling toion. It is often mentioned together with other major environmental principles such as the precautionary principle, the principle of prevention and the principle of integration. The defiler pays principle (PPP or principle) requires the defiler to bear the expense of preventing, controlling, and saucying up pollution. Its main goals are cost allocation and cost internalization.In 1972, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and culture (OECD) articulate the principle explicitly and in 1989 indicated that it should be applied to agriculture. Though the principle originated as an economic principle, since 1990 it has bee n recognized internationally as a legal principle. The PPP now plays an important role in national and international environmental policy. The European Community (EC) adopted the principle in the 1987 superstar European diddle, and it has appeared in international agreements, including the Rio resolving of 1992.The principle is an explicit commence of legislation in many nations in others, it is an implicit subtext for both environmental regulation and liability for pollution. Historical Evolution Of defiler Pays Principle The polluter pays principle, like the other great towering principles that today influence international environmental law, such as (1) the sustainable development principle (2) the prevention principle (3) the precautionary principle and (4) the proximity principle, started as a political declaration without legal force.The polluter pays principle has been include in muniments with legal status. For instance, many directionrn constitutions in the European Union explicitly append for a right to a clean environment and thus environmental policy principles also constitute environmental law. The right to a clean environment implies a duty of the state to entertain its citizens, nevertheless it is questionable whether these principles or social rights can just be considered repressive rights, exit that they can be enforced by citizens in a court.However, nearly see the right to a clean environment as a human or natural right existing independently of politically decided treaties. Finally, the polluter pays principles is now seen in specific pieces of legislation fit more (or some might say less) than a awful constitutional statement of an intractable human right. OECD the birth of the polluter pays principle Some explanation of the sometimes arbitrary course of the principle of polluter pays can be found in its historical development.The principle archetypical appeared in a legal context in a document prepared by the interna tional Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and included the following recommendation The principle to be mapd for allocating cost of pollution prevention and control measures to encourage rational use of scarce environmental resources and to avoid distortions in international duty and investment is the so-called Polluter Pays principle.This principle means that the polluter should bear the expenses of carrying out the to a higher place mentioned measures decided by public authorities to assure that the environment is in an acceptable state. In other words, the cost of these measures should be reflected in the costs of goods and services which cause pollution in production and/or consumption. much(prenominal) measures should not be accompanied by subsidies that would create significant distortions in international trade and investment.In 2001, the OECD Joint Working ships company on Agriculture and Environment, after years of gestation and development b y other organisations, stated that a red-hot and expanded form of the polluter pays principle should yield that the polluter should be held responsible for environmental monetary value caused and bear the expenses of carrying out pollution prevention measures or paying for modify the state of the environment where the consumptive or productive activities causing the environmental damage are not covered by property rights. get together Nations the Rio Declaration This proclamation was proved, at least on paper, if not yet by jus cogens, in 1992 when the United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development delegates agreed on the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (the Rio Declaration), which has been described as an instrument of international jurisprudence that articulates policies and prescriptions directed at the achievement of worldwide sustainable development.It is of note that Principle 16 of the Rio Declaration provides that national authorities sho uld endeavour to shape up the internalization of environmental costs and the use of economic instruments, taking into account the approach that the polluter should, in principle, bear the cost of pollution, with due regard to the public interest and without distorting international trade and investment. The principles appearance in such a seminal statement of the undamental principles of international environmental law demonstrates its meaning in environmental liability regimes around the world. United States The principle has to some extent informed United States legislation, but its influence should not be overstated and commentators note that The United States, in contrast to the European nations, does not officially recognize the polluter pays principle as a distinct principle or policy mandate, but does, by natural political and economic inclination, tight follow its precepts in practice.Certain provisions of the United States percipient Air Act 1970 (the CAA) and Clean Wate r Act 1977 (the CWA) require polluters to indulge environmental standards at their induce expense and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, stipend and financial obligation Act of 1980 (CERCLA) assigns liability for costs associated with cleaning-up sites contaminated by savage wastes. CERCLA is a notable milestone in the development of the polluter pays principle in the United States and commentators have noted that the polluter pays principle is one of the central objectives or goals of CERCLA.Flaws in the Polluter Pays Principle Few mint could disagree with what seems at first glance to be such a straightforward proposition. Indeed, properly construed, this is not only a ponderous principle for dealing with those who pollute but is an extension of one of the to the highest form staple principles of fairness and justice people should be held responsible for their actions. Those who cause damage or hurt to other people should pay for that damage. This appeal to our w hizz of justice is why the polluter pays principle (PPP) has come to resonate so strongly with both policy makers and the public.As a general rule, sound economic analysis of pollution and environmental problems must also be based on the principle of responsibility. Forcing polluters to bear the costs of their activities is good economics too it not only advances fairness and justice, but also enhances economic efficiency. In other words, with appropriate policies based on a PPP, we should not have to give up the economic efficiency of a desolate market trunk based on nonpublic property in order to obtain environmental protection, nor vice versa.But as with most such general principles, the devil is in the details. In this case, the details carry on to three basic questions that any application of the PPP must answer. First, how do we define pollution and therefore a polluter? Second, how much should the polluter pay, once he is identified? Third, to whom should the payment be m ade? The answers to these questions are at the heart of whether any application of the PPP will be either just or economically efficient.A correctly construed polluter pays principle would penalize those who injure other people by harming their souls, or by degrading their property. Too often, however, the PPP is misdefined and misused to suppress private economic activity that benefits the parties directly involved and does no specific damage to other people, but which offends those who oppose human impact on the environment and prefer to leave resources undeveloped. The objective is to restrain the resource use at the expense of the property owners and consumers without cost to those who wish to see the resources remain idle. down the stairs such a misapplication of the PPP, very often a polluter is not someone who is harming others, but is someone who is simply using his own property and resources in a way that is not approved of by government officials or environmentalists. In such cases there is no harm to be measured and no real victims to compensate. Consequently, the amount to be gainful is not de terminationined by the extent of any actual damage done. Rather, it is set at a level that curbs the politically disfavored activity to the degree desired by its opponents.And finally, the payment (whether there are real victims or not) typically goes to the government in the form of a tax. In other words, in most cases, the PPP is used as cover to promote a political or ideological agenda rather than to ensure that real polluters pay compensation to real victims of their activities. Constitutional and Legislative Measures capital of Sweden Declaration of 1972 was perhaps the first major attempt to economise and protect the human environment at the international level. As a consequence of this Declaration, the States were required to adopt legislative measures to protect and make better the environment. consortly, Indian fantan inserted two Articles, i. e . ,, 48A and 51A in the Constitution of India in 1976, Article 48A of the Constitution justifiedly directs that the State shall endeavour to protect and remediate the environment and safeguard forests and wildlife of the country. Similarly, clause (g) of Article 51A imposes a duty on every citizen of India, to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, river, and wildlife and to have compassion for reenforcement creatures.The cumulative gist of Articles 48A and 51A (g) seems to be that the State as well up as the citizens both are now chthonic constitutional obligation to conserve, perceive, protect and improve the environment. both generation owes a duty to all succeeding generations to develop and conserve the natural resources of the nation in the best possible way. The phrase protect and improve appearing in both the Articles 48A and 51A (g) seems to contemplate an affirmative government action to improve the quality of environment and not just to economize the environment in its degraded form.Apart from the constitutional mandate to protect and improve the environment, there are a plenty of legislations on the subject but more relevant enactments for our purpose are the Water (Prevention and visualize of pollution) Act, 1974 the Water (Prevention and Control of pollution) Cess Act, 1977 the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 the National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995 and the National Environment appellate Authority Act, 1997 the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.The Water Act provides for the prevention and control of pissing pollution and the maintaining or resorting of the wholesomeness of urine. The Act prohibits any poisonous, noxious or polluting effect from entering into any stream or well. The Act provides for the formation of telephone exchange Pollution Control Board and the St ate Pollution Control Board. The new industries are required to obtain prior approval of such Boards in the beginning discharging any trade effluent, sewerages into water bodies.No person, without the previous consent of the Boards shall put to work into use new or altered outlet for the discharge of sewage or trade effluent into a stream or well or stool or on get to. The consent of the Boards shall also be required for continuing an existing discharge of sewage or trade effluent into a stream or well or sewer or land. In the Ganga Water Pollution case, the owners of some tanneries near Kanpur were discharging their effluents from their factories in Ganga without setting up chief(a) treatment plants.The Supreme Court held that the financial capacity of the tanneries should be considered as irrelevant while requiring them to establish primary treatment plants. The Court directed to stop the running of these tanneries and also not to let out trade effluents from the tanneries e ither directly or indirectly into the river Ganga without subjecting the trade effluents to a permanent process by setting up primary treatment plants as approved by the State Pollution Control Board.The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 aims to provide levy and collection of a cess on water consumed by persons carrying certain industries and local authorities to sum up the resources of the Central Board and the State Boards established for the prevention and control of water pollution. The object is to realise money from those whose activities lead to pollution and who must bear the expenses of the maintaining and running of such Boards.The industries may obtain a rebate as to the extent of 25% if they set up treatment plant of sewage or trade effluent. The Air Act has been designed to prevent, control and abatement of air pollution. The major sources of air pollution are industries, automobiles, domestic fires, etcetera The air pollution adversely affe cts heart and lung and reacts with hemoglobin in the blood. According to Roggar Mustress, the American Scientist, air pollution causes mental tension which leads to increase in crimes in the society.The Air Act defines an air pollutant as any solid, eloquent or gaseous substance including to-do present in the glory in such concentration as may be or tend to be injurious to human beings or other living creatures or plants or property or environment. The Act provides that no person shall without the previous consent of the State Board establish or conk out any industrial plant in an air-pollution control area. The Central Pollution Control Board and the State Pollution Control Board constituted under the Water Act shall also perform the power and functions under the Air Act.The main function of the Boards under the Air Act is to improve the quality of air and to prevent, control and abate air pollution in the country. The permission granted by the Board may be qualified one wher ein stipulations are made in respect of raising of quid height and to provide various control equipments and monitoring equipments. It is expressly provided that persons carrying on industry shall not allow emission of air pollutant in redundance of standards laid down by the Board. In Delhi, the public transport system including buses and taxies are operating on a single fuel CNG mode on the directions given by the Supreme Court.Initially, there was a plow of resistance from bus and taxi operators. But now they themselves realise that the use of CNG is not only environment friendly but also economical. disruption has been taken as air pollutant within the meaning of Air Act. tidy becomes noise when it causes annoyance or irritates. There are many sources of noise pollution like factories, vehicles, reckless use of loudspeakers in marriages, ghostlike ceremonies, religious places, etc. Use of crackers on festivals, winning of teams in the games, and other such occasions causes not only noise pollution but also air pollution.The Air Act prevents and controls both these pollutions. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 was enacted to provide for the protection and improvement of the quality of environment and preventing, controlling and abating environmental pollution. The Act came into existence as a direct consequence of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy. The term environment has been defined to include water, air and land, and the inter-relationship which exists among and between water, air and land and human beings, other living creatures, plants, micro-organism and property.

Programming and Commercial Effects on Children Essay

Many p bents are non aware that commercial broadcasting can rent the kindred effect on pip-squeaks cognitive discipline as the schedule the children are take uping. The Merriman-Webster (2012) dictionary defines cognitive as, Of relating to, being, or involving conscious knowing activity (as thinking, reasoning, or remembering). Research has been done on childrens program as well as commercial tv set to try the effects on straight offs youth.Even though suggestive grownup humor can be found in childrens programming, the shock absorber commercials run through toward children is just as important to watch. Television can post opportunity for children to learn however it should not be a teacher or babysitter for to sidereal days youth. Questions desire, If a program is account at all hours of the day and into the night, does this make it appropriate for three-year-older children to watch? should be just one of the many parents should ask when allowing children to watch proper(postnominal) video programming.Intentional or not, programmers use video to govern todays youth. With todays ability to opinion childrens programming on a multitude of different stations and different convey for each station, it is amazing on how much of todays programming for young children have hidden layers of adult humor. Television writers put insidious instances of adult humor in to childrens programming which allows for them to pass water in ratings from a wider telescope of spectators.Rice (2009) conducted a study on favourite childrens cartoon SpongeBob SquarePants in which it soils the show is directed toward an be on stem of approximately 2 to 11 year olds, however research shows that it has a variety of audiences in all age groups. Nearly a pull back (22%) of the viewers ranged from ages 18 to 49. Along with this research, Rice to a fault notes on the schedule of the show to emphasize how it is directed toward a king-sized range of viewers. The show was slotted to air between early morning hours to even later hours, up until close to midnight which by then most of the targeted age group would ave been in bed for a few hours by the time of airing.Rice in addition recorded subject analysis data for several age groups. In information collected from high school students, the majority of them redem to send with the shows side kick known as Patrick Star. A large majority of respondents say they watch the show because it is funny, entertaining, and hilarious (Rice, 2009, paragraph, 46). On the other hand, when college students were polled they to a greater extent(prenominal) or less chose to watch because it financial aided them unwind from a stressful day, perchance handle a treat for their bran after a hard day of class work.If a show that is targeted for a much younger age group has a relaxing type of effect, it would be interesting to see how it influences the target age group. When childrens programming is subst antially aimed towards a large range of viewers how adults choose what their children should watch could have an important tinge on how they develop. In recent, years television system networks an writers have taken a more(prenominal) proactive approach in educating youth through television programming. Some of this can be seen by the creation of junior channels. convey like Nick Jr. or Disney Jr. ave created programming adapt toward preschoolers and toddlers that use colors and characters to peak their interests. adept of the more influential television stations that support child develop has been the Public Broadcasting suffice (PBS). PBS has had constant influence in child development with shows like Sesame Street and Barney & Friends and now offer new programming like Bob the Builder, Teletubbies and Thomas & Friends. These shows focus on learning in the early stages of a preschoolers development by reaching the alphabet, numbers, dancing, apprisal and even emotiona l responses.According to The Journal of Media Literacy (2012), To capture and hold viewer attention, each Dora episode features a linear narrative shaped just about a high-stakes adventure with serious consequences. It calls upon viewers to act with the television to help Dora overcome a series of structured challenges. When children hear that they did a strong job or a positive response, they tend to want to interact more and thus keeps them interested in the programming.Along with accredited programming on television, networks have started developing DVDs to sell to parents when current programming might not peak a childs interests. Big Companies like Disney, the Brainy thwart Company and Sesame shop have started developing age specific programming. When a large fraternity starts to invest in developmental programming, it gives a better sense of rapture as the brand is well known. DVD series like Baby Einstein, Brainy Baby and Sesame Beginnings all have their own inlet and targeted age range however all fire development and learning.Kikorian, Wartella, and Anderson (2008) state shows like Baby Einstein target viewers from as young as one month old and covers a wide range of topics such as music, art, language and poetry while Sesame Beginnings targets children first at six months of age. This show features younger versions of the Muppets of Sesame Street and promote interaction between children and their caregivers. Kikoran et al. (2008) also discussed the unique effect of television on children under the age of two and suggests that some research shows that exposure to television during the first few years of life may be associated with poorer cognitive development.This question could be geared toward the overall television experience which includes commercials and the actual programming. With the importance of what is appropriate for children to watch in television, parents seem to be more concerned with actual programming then what is played in between. However, studies have shown that these commercials can be just as influential to our youth. With promotion of impression trailers, current television shows and video games power is in pure view for children to see and it is less monitored then the actual program.In order to mark this data, the authors in an expression in the Journal of Advertising had to define how children and their parents viewed violence. For the children delimitate violence was much more broad as one child responded with, Violent is fighting with weapons, with swords, blood, and gore and another stated, Violence is bleeding really bad. Sometimes its when somebody falls down and theyre scratched or bleeding really bad (Brocato et al. 2010). Parents were more unified with defining violence with violence consisting of blood, gore and death.Children seem to think that it is the mother that stresses the importance of them not watching while the fathers feel it is alright as long as they are watching it w ith them. Both parents shared a common infrastructure in that the commercials are not the issue but the actual programming. Parents also shared that by being certify they could address sensitive issues like violence when it happens. Reading through the study it was surprising to see potential limitations that could have address more issues. Parents could have been asked while being present when the issue arose how did the child react to the situation.Another question that might have been asked is how did the child react to the actual discussion about the topic. Was the child more interested in the programming or on what the parents had to say. Ultimately the article had a good basis for what were the more glaring issues and how both the parents and children set what was played in commercials. Intentional or not, programmers use television to influence todays youth. This could be from how they act from watching their favorite television program, to desiring a new toy or video game that was currently seen on a commercial.Parents should take the time to watch what their children are watching. One way to see how a childs favorite program can affect them is to watch the program without the child and then with the child. When watched only write down instances that might be inappropriate or that draw questions. As the child sits through the program watch how they react to certain situation and then discuss with them on what is positive and what is negative. With correct superintendence and discussions, parents have the ability to be a part of the education accomplish with todays youth.

Life of Pi †Significance of Color Essay

A woman once said, on that point is no life without color. This is just the case with the main character of The keep of Pi, Pi Patel. Pi is a cast away on a lifeboat in the middle of the peace-loving Ocean with a tiger, an orangutan, a hyena and a zebra. There is one color that was mentioned multiple measure by dint ofout the story, the color orangish. In the novel Life of Pi by Yann Martel, this color is used as a symbol for hold and survival. To bank means to wish for something with expectations of its fulfillment. Pis case is a primary example of hoping for something.He has many instances when he gains hope throughout the novel, including expression a raft, landing on the island, or even finding the victuals in the locker of the lifeboat. The nigh important, is the hope Pi is given through his companion on the lifeboat, Richard Parker, a four ascorbic acid and fifty flummox Royal Bengal tiger. Being the color orange, the tiger becomes an example of hope throughout t he book. Pi realizes, to keep himself, Richard Parker, and the provide to survive alive, he must recover the tiger. I had to tame him. It was at that moment that I realized this necessity.It was not a question of him or me, but of him and me. We were, literally and figuratively, in the aforesaid(prenominal) boat. We would liveor we would dietogether. (Martel, 164) Keeping Richard Parker alive would allow Pi to constantly remember that he is not the only one pathetic and he has someone there for him, whether he can answer or not. Although Pi has many reasons to be hopeful, the author gives the reader reasons as well. anterior to the scene of the sinking of the Tsimtsum, an interviewer and reporter that is talking to Pi about the sinking of the ship describes visiting Pi later in life at his home in Canada.He meets Pis family and mentions that Pis daughter, Usha, holds an orange cat. Leaning against the sofa in the living room, looking up at me bashfully, is a little brown girl , pretty in pink, real much at home. Shes holding an orange cat in her arms. (92) This scene guarantees the reader that the end result of the story and Pis life will be not total tragedy. Pi has a life where he has been successful and has children of his own. While in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, Pis only goal was to survive.Items on the boat and trust truly gave him this will to survive, and Pi was more capable of surviving with them in his presence. While on the lifeboat, Pi has an orange life poll with an orange pennywhistle, an orange buoy, a brightly orange tarpaulin, and a four hundred and fifty pound Bengal Tiger. Pi is thrown on the lifeboat by Chinese men with a life jacket already on him. superstar of the men interrupted me by thrusting a life jacket into my arms and shouting something in Chinese. I noticed an orange whistle dangling from the life jacket. (105) The life jacket is used by Pi in constructing a raft to have a safe graze away from Richard Parker, an d the whistle is used by taming the large tiger. He utilizes his bright orange survival equipment to stay alive and keep away from Richard Parker. For most of the voyage they take on the lifeboat, Richard Parker remains under the tarpaulin, even from the beginning. afterwards Pi is pushed overboard into the lifeboat, he says I couldnt see Richard Parker. He wasnt on the tarpaulin or on a bench. He was at the bottom of the boat. (106) Richard Parker having orange fur, is a symbol of survival.He keeps Pi alert and continuously reminds him of his situation. Religion played a big snap off of Pis life, and he prayed three times a mean solar day every day while he was on the boat. His familys religious belief is Hinduism, and orange is the color of the second Hindu chakra, which ar believed to be centers of the automobile trunk from which a person can collect energy in the religion. throughout his entire journey, he was forever in contact with something that was the color orange, and that is wherefore it becomes a symbol of survival. Every item and detail of his trip back up him in survival, and is part of the outcome of him being rescued.The color orange will always be remembered by Pi and readers as the color of hope and survival. The color gives readers hope for Pi and gives Pi the will to survive because of the possessions that are that color. The items Pi has on the boat all aid in his preternatural survival, just as Richard Parker and the religions he practices provides a measure of emotional support. These encourage the young boy maintain hope in this horrific tragedy. scarce above all, the orange color of survival and hope will always be known as the color that kept him alive.

Importance of Financial Decision-Making in the Business World

In the business world, fiscal decision-making is important. Some organizations accept trouble with business relationship and the financial decision-making process in todays diverse organizational morals. In this worlds current economy, the expectation for organizations is to behave in an good manner. The business world consists of people with different respectable belief systems, which makes it touchy to define ethics (The Journal of Accountancy, 2007). Organizations that do enforce a encrypt of ethics piece of tail create unwanted behaviors within the organizations. These unethical behaviors rat affect each individual associated with the organization.When an organization instills good ethical behaviors, its set up of success and longevity is more likely to be high. Organizational ethics are a significant part in financial decision-making and accounting. honest principles set the foundation on which a cultured society exists. An colossal illustration of ethics in accoun ting and finances is the Sarbanes-Oxley knead of 2002. aft(prenominal) several financial frauds reported in 2001 and 2002, the president signed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in July 2002. This act established major modifications to the financial practices and corporate ecesis regulations. According to n. d. 2006), The given name is after Senator Paul Sarbanes and Representative Michael Oxley, who were its main architects, and it also set a number of non-negotiable deadlines for all organizations to comply (para. 1). The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, cognise as the corporate responsibility act, act gives considerable supervision responsibilities and curb to the Securities and Exchange Commission ( sulphur) above organizations external auditors and distribution of financial statements. The SEC mustiness employ a public company accounting prudence board (PCAOB) with the authority to control the public accounting (Albrecht, Stice, Stice, &038 Swain, 2005, p. 01). This law was define in place be cause of the involvement of Enron and Tyco International in several accounting scandals. For most organizations, making money is important money is what makes the business successful. However, a business that becomes greedy and regulates to make money illegally entrust lastly fail. In the article Beyond Sarbanes-Oxley, Neil S. Lebovits, advises businesses to ensure their ethical health by doing several things. Lebovits suggests that organizations must employ the following cardinal ethical beat practices to be successful cut back ethical role models, demonstrate ethical ecision-making, and kick upstairs pushback (Lebovits, 2006, para. 5). The Directorate of Planning, Training, Mobilization, and Security (DPTMS) organization that I work for employs these three ethical best practices daily. The management always ensures that workers behave professionally spot serving soldiers and making the right decisions that could affect the soldiers training during this time of war. The DPTM S leading provide explanations on how to make decisions and why the selection of the judgment. The organizational managers have an open-door policy to listen to the workers concerns.Additionally, managers walk throughout the day asking employees if he or she has any issues that the managers could assist on. These types of actions create a sense of conceive in the leadership that everyone worker wants to emulate. Lebovits also proposes that organizations can do more to ensure the organization workers behave ethically at all levels. Lebovits suggests that, first, organizations cultivate ethical role models. These role models structures must include natural influencers who queer strong ethical behavior in their day-to-day work in the financial departments of the organization.Organizations must give influencers proper recognition on every occasion possible. By involving influencers in assignments, the individuals can have an encouraging strike in the organization. When an organizati on rewards its influencers efforts, the organization can cultivate ethical canalise (2006). Organizational ethical behavior starts at the top of the organization. The leadership must motivate individuals to follow its behavior. Employees watch and listen to their management carefully for signs of how to act. leadership should behave accordingly and set the example for the workers to follow.When suitable, leaders must say workers examples of their business decisions involving their ethics and how they used good judgment. This type of honest conference provides employees with a quick look on how leaders act and recall while representing the organization (2006). Moreover, Lebovits proposes that organizations should also encourage pushback. In other words, companies should encourage their employees to speak up if they question financial actions and decisions that affect them. Ethics hotlines, anonymous e-mails and approachable managers are ways for companies to obtain this type of feedback.Organizations and their key personnel office should always conduct themselves ethically and legally. They should promote an environment in which employees can articulate work-related concerns without negative effects and free exchange of information (2006). The organizations that decide to implement and follow good ethical behavior exit come upon success and an excellent status as ethical and fair instiution to the clients, employees, and the shareholders. These benefits will assist the organization in the financial phase, and when organizations fail to execute will result in poor financial performance.References Albrecht, Stice, Stice, &038 Swain, (2005). Accounting Concepts and Applications (9th Ed. ). Quebecor World, Versailles, KY South-Western, Thomson. Lebovits, N. (2006, August, 2006). Beyond Sarbanes-Oxley tether best practices to adopt in your organization. Retrieved March, 2011, from http//www. aicpa. org/pubs/jofa/aug2006/lebovits. htm N. D. (2006). The Sarb anes-Oxley Act. Retrieved from http//www. soxlae. com The Journal of Accountancy (2007). Retrieved March, 2011, from http//www. aicpa. org/pubs/jofa/joahome. htm

Chef Satisfaction Essay

The findings showed that employees descent gratification directly and positively do lands organisational inscription, but does not directly baffle air deed. Employees hypothesize comfort arouses melodic phrase mathematical operation only through organisational commission. Internal market, authority and drawership also positively influence byplay pleasure. Empowerment and leading put up employees organisational commitment. Internal job sift negatively influences employees job gladness and out-of-door job stress put ups employees job operation.According to the findings, this paper realized the main factors which influence hospitality attention employees job satisfaction, organisational commitment and job performance, which can ply as criteria for human pick management in the hospitality patience. mention words Hospitality industry, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, job performance.  With the change of the industrial structure in recent years, the output value of the inspection and repair industry has become much than 70% of the GDP in most advanced countries (CIA, 2009). Thus, the armed work industry plays a significant role in innate economical burstment.In 2008, as the world encountered a financial tsunami, the governments of contrastive countries selected potential inspection and repair industries and supported them with options, in order to energize economic development. The hospitality industry is a typical wait on industry, and it is comminuted table service industry around the world. In Taiwan, the scale of the hospitality industry has been change magnitude year by year. According to the Statistics Department, Ministry of Economic Affairs, in 2001 the business playscript of the hospitality industry in Taiwan was NTD 261. 3 billion.In 2006 it passed NTD three hundred billion and in 2009 it reached NTD 321. 7 billion. However, the hospitality industry refers to labor serve and relies on m en in beas such as production, delivery and eating house service. Thus, the hospitality industry is mainly establish on services. As menti whizzd in Bitners (1995) framework of the service market triangle, service offerrs play a critical role in the service industries. In service industry management, regarding the importance of employees, Heskett et al. (1994) proposed the framework of service realise chain.In the service profit chain, there are critical linkages among internal service *Corresponding author. email ccchengmail. tcmt. edu. tw. Tel +886-2-28102292 ext. 5009. Fax +886-2-2810-6688. Tsai et al. 4119 quality, employee satisfaction/productivity, the value of services provided to the customer, customer satisfaction and fol belittleds profits. This chain shows that internal service quality can raise employee satisfaction, which will enhance employee productivity and barely result in outside(a) service value and enhanced customer satisfaction. Fin whollyy, the compan y can give apart a profit (Zeithaml et al. , 2009).Therefore, satisfied employees make satisfied customers. Service strength satisfaction significantly influences organizational commitment and job performance on customer satisfaction and corporate operational performance (Ladkin, 2002 Dunlap et al. , 1988 Tansuhaj et al. , 1988 Chowdhary, 2003 Yang and Chen, 2010). How to enhance service individualnel satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance is a critical distinguish in service industry management. In past interrogation on employee satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance, many scholars (Babin and Boles, 1998 Bernhardt et al. 2000 Van Scotter, 2000 Koys, 2003 Testa, 2001) shit validated that employees job satisfaction positively influences job performance and organizational commitment. In studies on factors of employees job satisfaction, job performance and organizational commitment, the service profit chain proposed by Heskett et al. (19 94) and service marketing management fabric indicated by Tansuhaj et al. (1988) on overall service industry both present that managements internal marketing activities produce job satisfaction and commitment to the organization.In addition, many studies accept found close relationships surrounded by leadershiphip, employee satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance (Billingsley and Cross, 1992 Yammarino and Dubinsky, 1994 Burton et al. , 2002 Avolio et al. , 2004 Chen and Silverthorne, 2005). The above studies wear mainly focused on the educational service industry, retail industry, manufacturing service industry, medical service industry and governmental institutions, but kick in not conducted indepth explorations on the hospitality service industry.Hopfl (1994) indicated that in the service delivery, firstline employees moldiness be empowered to some stratum in order to cope with customers picky demands. Thus, job mandate can be hardened as central man agement to aid first-line service soulnel and immediately solve customers differential gear demands. Avolio et al. (2004), Caykoylu et al. (2007) and Chen et al. (2008) respectively conducted data-based studies on medical personnel and employees of the telecommunication industry, banking industry and postal industry, and found that sanction positively influences employee satisfaction and organizational commitment.One issue worthy of shape up study is the extent of how empowerment positively influences hospitality industry employee satisfaction and organizational commitment. In addition, first-line employees vista different customer demands and supervisory program requirements, therefore job stress is a critical issue for them. Jamal (1990) and Jex (1998) suggested that reducing employees job stress could enhance employees job satisfaction and job performance. Williams and Cooper (2002) and Ouyang (2009) indicated that proper job stress would enhance employees job performance. In the hospitality industry, the influence of job stress from external customers and internal supervisors on employees job satisfaction and job performance is an issue worthy of further exploration. base on the above, internal marketing, leadership, empowerment and job stress are possible factors of service industry employees job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance, and these factors are validated in various service industries.However, the issues in different service industries are not the same. For the hospitality industry, it is classic to validate and analyze the influences of the above factors on employees job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance. Thus, this study intended to combine internal marketing, leadership, empowerment and job stress and proposed an integrated model of hospitality industry employees job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance.Hospitality industry employees in Taipei urban center were treated as the subjects, and the researcher probed into factors of hospitality industry employees job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance in order to function as criteria for management in the hospitality industry. LITERATURE REVIEW Job satisfaction The term job satisfaction was proposed by Hoppock (1935) who suggested that job satisfaction message employees emotions and attitude toward their jobs, and is their ingrained answer toward their jobs.The definition of job satisfaction is conclude into three categories (1) Definition of generality Job satisfaction refers to the affective reaction to ones job as the most (Ozer and Gunluk, 2010). Job satisfaction, which is one of the most important necessities for an individual to be successful, happy and productive, is a sense of satisfaction, that is, an outcome of the perception of what the job provides for an individual (Ay and Av aro lu, 2010) (2) Definition of struggle This refers to the degree of satisfa ction and the difference between ndividual actual returns and required returns. For instance, porter and Lawler (1968) suggested that the degree of satisfaction depends on the difference between a persons actual returns and expected returns (3)Definition of amount framework Peoples subjective perception and interpretation on objective traits of organizations or jobs would be influenced by individual criterion framework. According to Smith et al. (1969), job satisfaction is the outcome after a person interprets the job traits according 4120 Afr. J. Bus. Manage. o the criterion framework. The influence of authorized work situations on job satisfaction is related to many factors, such as comparisons between good and bad jobs, comparisons with opposites, individual(prenominal) competency and past experience, etc. Job performance Kane and Lawler (1976) suggested that job performance refers to the record of the results when employees have practiced a job for a current period of time . According to Schermerhorn (1989), job performance refers to the quality and quantity polite by individuals or groups after fulfilling a task.After a certain period of time, measurements of employees job performance could serve as criterion for promotions, profits adjustments, rewards, punishments and ratings. Cascio (2006) suggested that managers must specifically define performance to allow the police squads or employees to bed the organizational expectations in order to fulfill the organizational final stages. In other words, managers must set concrete goals, trace the fulfillment degree and measure out the teams or employees performance.Van Scotter and Motowidlo (1996) suggested that employees with a high degree of job fervor will demonstrate extra effort and devotion, and will fighting(a)ly stress out solutions to problems at work in order to enhance their job performance. Robbins (1998) divided the measurement of job performance into job result, job bearing and per sonal traits. Lee et al. (1999) divided job performance into efficiency, efficacy and quality. ability refers to the employees output rate and is the ability to accomplish tasks before deadline.Efficacy refers to the employees goal accomplishment rate and proposals. Quality refers to the employees error rate and complaint rate, supervisor satisfaction, customer satisfaction and colleague satisfaction. This study suggested that in the application of this wee to measure hospitality industry employees job performance, efficiency should refer to the employees cannonball along in customer service, efficacy should mean the accomplishment of tasks assigned by customers, and quality should mean the employees performance in customer service.As to measurement, shoring and Thornton (1986) indicated that self-evaluation allows individuals to participate in performance evaluation and serves as a criterion. ground on the above, according to the assimilates of Lee et al. (1999), this study di vided job performance into efficiency, efficacy and quality, and measured hospitality industry employees job performance apply employee self-evaluation. Smith et al. (1969) proposed the Job Description Index (JDI) to measure job satisfaction, with the constructs including wage, promotion, job, supervisors and colleagues. dimmed and Gregersen (1997) found a positive correlation between job satisfaction and job performance. Organ (1990) suggested that when employees are satisfied with their work, they are willing to have themselves and devote to their organization. Organizational commitment From the perspective of attitude, Porter et al. (1974) indicated that organizational commitment is a persons active and positive intention to light upon with and internalize organizational goals and value.According to Reyes and Pounder (1990), organizational commitment is the fortified judgment and intention to identify with organizational value, devote to and stay with the organization. Mathe ws and shepherd (2002) suggested that organizational commitment refers to workers attitude, behavior and connection between individuals and the organization. Guest (1995) indicated that organizational commitment is at the core of human resource management. It transforms traditional manpower management into the core of human resources.Organizational members attitude or intentions oddly indicate the importance of employees organizational commitment. Dee et al. (2006) suggested that organizational commitment is a persons intention to devote to and be loyal to the organization. Lambert et al. (2006) suggested that organizational commitment is the structural phenomenon of trading between individuals and organizations. It increases with time, but it does not lead to a transferable investment outcome. Thus, in theoretical study and realistic use, scholars have valued organizational commitment in human resource management.In recent years, many scholars have probed into organizational com mitment from the view of Porter et al. (1974). Thus, this study also followed the above view and divided organizational commitment into value commitment, effort commitment and retention commitment. This study further treated these three constructs as criteria to measure hospitality industry employees organizational commitment. Definitions of these constructs are thus shown (1) Value commitment a strong belief and identification with organizational goals and values. 2) Effort commitment the intention to devote more to the organization. (3)Retention commitment a strong intention to continue cosmos part of the organization. Internal marketing Internal Marketing (IM) is the process of use staff as internal customers and projects as internal products that satisfy the take and desires of the customers and adhere to the companys goals (Berry and Parasuraman, 1991). Rafiq and Ahmed (1993) suggest that internal marketing involves a planned effort to overcome organizational resistance to c hange and to align, cause Tsai et al. 4121 nd integrate employees towards the effective implementation of corporate and functional strategies. Joseph (1996) suggested that internal marketing is can be applied to marketing and human resource management, combining theoretical techniques and principles in order to encourage, recruit and manage all employees in the organization and constantly improve external customer service and mutual services. In addition, Ahmed et al. (2003) defined internal marketing as the employees evaluation of the reward system, internal communication, training and development of the company.Internal marketing empirical research in the service sector has proven that internal marketing has influenced on internal customers (that is, employees) satisfactions. Berry and Parasuraman (1991) suggested that the advantages of internal marketing implementation in organizations are as follows (1) To acquire and keep excellent talent (2) to provide a common vision so that employees have job aspire and meaning (3) to give employees the ability and knowledge to accomplish the work (4) to encourage employees to share the results of teamwork (5) to create job designs be based on the findings of marketing studies.The aforementioned views reveal that corporate implementation of internal marketing allows employees to enhance service quality, which increases the production and profits of the companies. The implementation of internal marketing in the organizations results in an internal service culture, raises service consciousness and increases profits (Parasuraman et al. , 1985). Based on the views of these scholars, internal marketing is critical for organizations and influences external marketing to further enhance customer satisfaction.According to the these definitions and based on the views of Rafiq and Ahmed (1993) and Ahmed et al. (2003), this study treated employee evaluations of reward systems, internal communication, and training and development of companies as criterion for measuring rod internal marketing of the hospitality industry. Leadership Leadership refers the process of influencing the team to accomplish the goals (Robbins and Coulter, 2005). Leaders are key success factors of an organization (Bass, 1985 Daft, 2002). sound leaders recognize and use the interpersonal relationships of the team and strengthen the members inscription and morale. Effective leaders must learn skills such as patiently sharing information, trusting others and recognizing the timing of interventions (Steckler and Fondas, 1995). In recent years, numerous scholars have tried to discuss leadership from new perspectives. New studies of leadership possibility have particularly stressed the influences of demands between leaders and subordinates, the interaction of nature traits and situational factors on leadership (Bargal and Schmid, 1989).Corporate leaders must select a proper leadership according to their subordinates different demands for supervision, in order to enhance employee satisfaction and fulfill expected goals. Bass and Avolio (1997) divided leadership into transformational leadership and transactional leadership. In transformational leadership, subordinates trust, respect and are loyal to their leaders. Leaders can develop their subordinates potential and enhance their confidence by changing their values and beliefs in order to increase their organizational commitment, intention and motivation to create transcendent outcomes.Transformational leadership can be divided into ideal traits, ideal behavior, the hike of inspiration, and the stimulation of wisdom and individual care. In addition, transactional leadership means leaders and members remain in the process of negotiation and mutual benefit or else of a persistent one-purpose relationship. Social exchange theory is treated as the theoretical base. When subordinates act according to their leaders expectations, they will have returns with a specific va lue. Transactional leadership can be divided into contingent rewards, and active and dormant exceptional management.Most quantitative studies on leadership have created questionnaires using the MLQ scale designed by Bass and Avolio (1997). The MLQ scale includes both constructs (transformational leadership and transactional leadership). This study also designed a leadership questionnaire for the hospitality industry according to the MLQ scale. Empowerment Empowerment signals a transition away from traditional development that confined peoples role to that of passive recipients, effectively rendering them dependent on handouts in the form of alien aid (OGorman, 1995).Bowen and Lawler III (1992) define empowerment as sharing with frontline employees quaternity organizational ingredients (1) Information about the organizations performance (2) rewards based on the organizations performance (3) knowledge about contribute to organizational performance (4) power to make decisions that influence organizational prudence and performance. Murat and Thomas (2003) suggested that empowerment does not simply refer to telling employees that they are empowered, but aims to allow the employees to recognize what power has been authorized.Boudrias et al. (2004) suggested that in managerial circles, empowerment application includes two types (1) Empowering the responsibility of decision-making to subordinates while emphasizing rich work environments 4122 Afr. J. Bus. Manage. and diverse authority, information, resources and support, and providing the opportunity to learn in order to improve performance (2) psychological empowerment, which refers to employees experiences of empowerment that are inferred as a mediating variable of empowerment and expected results.According to Sherman (1996), empowerment acknowledges that employees have the power to change in order to encourage employees to increase their competency. Kanter (1993) suggested that empowerment can keep employees f rom sapidity helpless. Organizations could thus reduce negative effects such as low morale. The most significant effect of empowerment is to enhance employees abilities and self-efficacy (Conger and Kanungo, 1988).Bowen and Lawler III (1992) suggested the advantages of empowerment for organizations below (1) To rapidly respond to customer demands and questions (2) a high degree of employees job satisfaction (3) positive interactions with consumers (4) employees with creative thoughts (5) the creation of loyal customers. nigh the definition of psychological empowerment, Spreitzer (1995) defines this concept as the psychological state that employees must experience for managerial empowerment interventions to be successful.